Srpski
Abstract
Interpretations of the past inevitably involve the issue of losses experienced by a particular group. Because no particular discipline has a monopoly on understanding historical suffering, it is possible to examine it from different aspects. In this work, attention is focused on the relationship between suffering (as a fact) and victimhood, as a way of understanding the world. More precisely, this paper examines the representation of suffering maintained by group members, its consequences at the intergroup level (relations between countries and/or ethnic groups, relations between different groups within a society, etc.) and context on which empirical studies were concentrated. Moreover, the complex nature of collective victimhood is pointed out, as well as various socio-psychological factors related to this belief system. Finally, the implications of collective victimhood for current intergroup relations and guidelines for future research are discussed.
References
Al–Ghazzi, Omar. 2021. „We will be great again: Historical victimhood in populist discourse“. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 24(1), 45–59. DOI:10.1177/1367549420985851
Andrighetto, Luca, et al. 2012. „Reducing competitive victimhood in Kosovo: The role of extended contact and common ingroup identity“. Political Psychology, 33(4), 513–529. doi:10.1111/j.1467–9221.2012.00887.x
Ariely, Gal 2019. „Collective memory and attitudes toward asylum seekers: evidence from Israel“. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(5), 1084–1102. doi:10.1080/1369183x.2019.1572499
Bar–Tal, Daniel. 1998. „Societal beliefs in times of intractable conflict: The Israeli case“. International Journal of Conflict Management, 9(1), 22–50. doi:10.1108/eb022803
Bar–Tal, Daniel. 2000. „From intractable conflict through conflict resolution to reconciliation: Psychological analysis“. Political Psychology, 21(2), 351–365. doi:10.1111/0162–895X.00192
Bar–Tal, Daniel. 2003. „Collective Memory of Physical Violence: its Contribution to the Culture of Violence“. In Cairns, E., Roe, M.D. (Eds.) The Role of Memory in Ethnic Conflict (pp. 77–93). Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781403919823_5
Bar–Tal, Daniel. 2007. „Sociopsychological foundations of intractable conflicts“. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(11), 1430–1453. doi:10.1177/0002764207302462
Bar–Tal, Daniel, et al. 2009. „A sense of self–perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts“. International Review of the Red Cross, 91(874), 229–258. doi:10.1017/S1816383109990221
Bar–Tal, Daniel, and Sabina Cehajic-Clancy. 2014. „From Collective Victimhood to Social Reconciliation: Outlining a Conceptual Framework“. In: D. Spini, G. Elcheroth & D. Corkalo Biruski (Eds.), War, Community, and Social Change (pp. 125–136). Springer. doi:10.1007/978–1–4614–7491–3_8
Barton Hronešová, Jessie. 2022. „The uses of victimhood as a hegemonic meta–narrative in eastern Europe“. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 1–17. doi:10.1080/14782804.2022.2110456
Ben Hagai, Ella et al. 2013. „Shifting away from a monolithic narrative on conflict: Israelis, Palestinians, and Americans in conversation“. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 19(3), 295–310. doi:10.1037/a0033736
Bilewicz, Michał, and Anna Stefaniak. 2013. „Can a victim be responsible? Anti–Semitic consequences of victimhood–based identity and competitive victimhood in Poland“. In B. Bokus (Ed.), Responsibility: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 69–77). Matrix.
Bouchat, Pierre, et al. 2017. „A century of victimhood: Antecedents and current impacts of perceived suffering in World War I across Europe“. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2), 195–208. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2232
Canetti, Daphna, et al. 2018. „Collective Trauma From the Lab to the Real World: The Effects of the Holocaust on Contemporary Israeli Political Cognitions“. Political Psychology, 39(1), 3–21. doi:10.1111/pops.12384
Carretero, Mario, et al. 2012. „Students' historical narratives and concepts about the nation“. In M. Carretero, M. Asensio & M. Rodriguez–Moneo (Eds.), History education and the construction of national identities (pp. 153–170). Information Age Publishing.
Cohrs, J. Christopher, Andrew McNeill and Johanna Ray Vollhardt. 2015. „The two–sided role of inclusive victimhood for intergroup reconciliation: Evidence from Northern Ireland“. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 21(4), 634–647. doi:10.1037/pac0000141
Craig, Maureen A., and Jennifer A. Richeson. 2016. „Stigma–Based Solidarity: Understanding the Psychological Foundations of Conflict and Coalition Among Members of Different Stigmatized Groups“. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(1), 21–27. doi:10.1177/0963721415611252
Golec de Zavala, Agnieszka, and Aleksandra Cichocka. 2012. „Collective narcissism and anti–Semitism in Poland“. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 15(2), 213–229. doi:10.1177/1368430211420891
Haslam, S. Alexander, et al. 1999. „Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(7), 809–818. doi:10.1177/0146167299025007004
Hirschberger, Gilad, et al. 2017. „The existential underpinnings of intergroup helping: When normative and defensive motivations collide“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(10), 1469–1484. doi:10.1177/0146167217718524
Hirschberger, Gilad, and Tsachi Ein-Dor. 2020. „A temporal account of collective victimization as existential threat: Reconsidering adaptive and maladaptive responses“. In J. R. Vollhardt (Ed.), The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood (pp. 100–119). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190875190.001.0005
Hogg, Michael A. 2007. „Uncertainty–identity theory“. Advances in experimental social psychology, 39, 69–126. doi:10.1016/S0065–2601(06)39002–8
Jevtić, Miloš. 2020. „Proglas o kolektivnim sećanjima: značaj i problemi za kulturu pamćenja“. U Z. Milošević i M. Knežević (Ur.), Govor mržnje i kultura pamćenja (str. 373–393). Institut za političke studije.
Jevtić, Miloš. 2021. „Uticaj međugrupnih emocija na pomirenje“. Sociologija, 63(1), 118–142. doi:10.2298/SOC2101118J
Jevtić, Miloš. 2023. „Kolektivna sećanja: između istine i ubeđenja“. U A. Matijević i N. Spasojević (Ur.), Perspektive političkih nauka u savremenom društvu (str. 369–400). Institut za političke studije. doi:10.22182/ppnsd
Kahalon, Rotem, et al. 2019. „Power matters: The role of power and morality needs in competitive victimhood among advantaged and disadvantaged groups“. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(2), 452–472. doi:10.1111/bjso.12276
Liu, James H., and Denis J. Hilton. 2005. „How the past weighs on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics“. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44(4), 537–556. doi:10.1348/014466605X27162
Liu, James H., et al. 2005. „Social Representations of Events and People in World History Across 12 Cultures“. Journal of Cross–Cultural Psychology, 36(2), 171–191. doi:10.1177/0022022104272900
Mukherjee, Sahana, Glenn E. Adams, and Ludwin E. Molina. 2017. „A cultural psychological analysis of collective memory as mediated action: Constructions of Indian history“. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 5(2), 558–587. doi:10.5964/jspp.v5i2.705
Noor, Masi, Rupert James Brown, and Garry Prentice. 2008. „Precursors and mediators of intergroup reconciliation in Northern Ireland: A new model“. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 481–495. doi:10.1348/014466607X238751
Noor, Masi, et al. 2010. „Intergroup identity perceptions and their implications for intergroup forgiveness: The Common Ingroup Identity Model and its efficacy in the field“. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 31(3–4), 151–170. doi:10.1080/03033910.2010.10446332
Noor, Masi, et al. 2012. „When suffering begets suffering the psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts“. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 351–374. doi:10.1177/1088868312440048
Noor, Masi, et al. 2015. „Peace vision and its socio–emotional antecedents: The role of forgiveness, trust, and inclusive victim perceptions“. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(5), 644–654. doi:10.1177/1368430215586604
Noor, Masi, et al. 2017. „The social psychology of collective victimhood“. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2), 121–134. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2300
Obradović, Sandra, and Caroline Howarth. 2018. „The power of politics: How political leaders in Serbia discursively manage identity continuity and political change to shape the future of the nation“. European Journal of Social Psychology 48(1), 25–35. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2277
Páez, Dario R., and James Hou-Fu Liu. 2010. „Collective Memory of Conflict“. In D. Bar–Tal (Ed.), Intergroup Conflicts and their Resolution: A social Psychological perspective (pp. 105–124). Psychology Press. doi:10.4324/9780203834091
Ray, Devin G., Diane M. Mackie, and Eliot R. Smith. 2014. „Intergroup emotion: self–categorization, emotion, and the regulation of intergroup conflict“. In C. von Scheve & M. Salmela (Eds.), Collective emotions (pp. 235–250). Oxford University Press.
Robben, Antonius CGM, and Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco. (Eds.). 2000. Cultures under siege: Collective violence and trauma. Cambridge University Press.
Rosler, Nimrod, and Nyla R. Branscombe. 2019. „Inclusivity of past collective trauma and its implications for current intractable conflict: The mediating role of moral lessons“. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(1), 171–188. doi:10.1111/bjso.12336
Rotella, Katie N., et al. 2013. „Blinding Trust: The Effect of Perceived Group Victimhood on Intergroup Trust“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(1), 115–127. doi:10.1177/0146167212466114
Sava, Ionel Nicu. 2020. „From Political Nostalgia to Cultural Trauma? Hungary’s European Dilemma a Hundred Years After Trianon“. Transylvanian Review, 29(3), 42–53. doi:10.33993/tr.2020.3.03
Schori‐Eyal, Noa, Yechiel Klar, and Yarden Ben‐Ami, Y. 2017. „Perpetual ingroup victimhood as a distorted lens: Effects on attribution and categorization“. European Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2), 180–194. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2250
Schori–Eyal, Noa, et al. 2017. „The shadows of the past: Effects of historical group trauma on current intergroup conflicts“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(4), 538–554. doi:10.1177%2F0146167216689063
Shnabel, Nurit, Samer Halabi, and Masi Noor. 2013. „Overcoming competitive victimhood and facilitating forgiveness through re–categorization into a common victim or perpetrator identity“. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(5), 867–877. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.04.007
Skrodzka, Magdalena, et al. 2022. „“Remember that we suffered!” The effects of historical trauma on anti‐Semitic prejudice“. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 52(5), 341–350. doi:10.1111/jasp.12862
Smith, Eliot R. 1993. „Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice“. In D. Mackie & D. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition and stereotyping. Interactive Processes in Group Perception (pp. 297–315). Academic Press.
Staub, Ervin, and Daniel Bar-Tal, D. 2003. „Genocide, mass killing, and intractable conflict: Roots, evolution, prevention and reconciliation“. In D.O. Sears, L. Huddy & R. Jervis (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (pp. 710–751). Oxford University Press.
Turner, John C., et al. 1987. Rediscovering the social group: A social categorization theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. doi:10.2307/2073157
Vermeersch, Peter. 2019. „Victimhood as victory: The role of memory politics in the process of de–Europeanisation in East–Central Europe“. Global Discourse, 9(1), 113–130. doi:10.1332/204378918X15453934506003
Volkan, Vamik D. 1997. Bloodlines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. Westview Press.
Volkan, Vamik D. 2001. „Transgenerational transmissions and chosen traumas: An aspect of large–group identity“. Group Analysis, 34(1), 79–97. doi:10.1177/0533316012207773
Vollhardt, Johanna R. 2009. „The role of victim beliefs in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Risk or potential for peace?“. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 15(2), 135–159. doi:10.1080/10781910802544373
Vollhardt, Johanna R., and Ervin Staub. 2011. „Inclusive altruism born of suffering: The relationship between adversity and prosocial attitudes and behavior toward disadvantaged outgroups“. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(3), 307–315. doi:10.1111/j.1939–0025.2011.01099.x
Vollhardt, Johanna Ray, and Rezarta Bilali. 2015. „The role of inclusive and exclusive victim consciousness in predicting intergroup attitudes: Findings from Rwanda, Burundi, and DRC“. Political Psychology, 36(5), 489–506. doi:10.1111/pops.12174
Vollhardt, Johanna Ray, Rashmi Nair and Linda R. Tropp. 2016. „Inclusive victim consciousness predicts minority group members’ support for refugees and immigrants“. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46(6), 354–368. doi:10.1111/jasp.12368
Vollhardt, Johanna Ray, et al. 2021. „Beyond comparisons: The complexity and context‐dependency of collective victim beliefs“. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(7), 1138–1157. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2802
Warner, Ruth H., Michael JA Wohl and Nyla R. Branscombe. 2014. „When do victim group members feel a moral obligation to help suffering others?“. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(3), 231–241. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2010
Warner, Ruth H. and Nyla R. Branscombe. 2012. „Observer perceptions of moral obligations in groups with a history of victimization“. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(7), 882–894. doi:10.1177/0146167212439212
Wohl, Michael JA, and Nyla R. Branscombe. 2008. „Remembering historical victimization: Collective guilt for current ingroup transgressions“. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 988–1006. doi:10.1037/0022–3514.94.6.988
Wohl, Michael JA, and Jay J. Van Bavel. 2011. „Is identifying with a historically victimized group good or bad for your health? Transgenerational post‐traumatic stress and collective victimization“. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(7), 818–824. doi:10.1002/ejsp.844
