MODEL FOR IDENTIFYING SEPARATIST TENDENCIES: A PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL APPROACH
Keywords:
separatism, Republic of Serbia, Security, Challenges, Risks, Threats
Abstract
Looking at the evolutionary process from the original human community to the present day, people have constantly sought freedom. Thus far, the best organizational solution to achieve such a need has been found in the formation of the state, as the key guarantor of the collective's survival. However, there are numerous collectives that currently lack their own state, and their rights are partially or (not) fully recognized within another state. Many achieve their struggle for freedom through peaceful means, negotiating with official institutions or changing the entire state system in a democratic and legal manner. However, there are also groups that endanger the territorial integrity and sovereignty of their parent states, and in order to achieve their interests, use violent means, thereby threatening peace, stability, and security. The primary goal of this study is to develop a general model that might enable the identification of separatist tendencies in sensitive areas of the world, regardless of the form of state organization. Additionally, the application of the model will be demonstrated through the example of the Republic of Serbia, one of the states with experience in combating separatist tendencies.
References
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Pavkovic, A. 2012. 'Secession and its diverse definitions', Hobart: Australian Political Studies Association Conference, 24-26 September.
Petrovic, R. 2022. Spain – suppression of secessionism. Belgrade: Catena Mundi and Institute for European Studies.
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Cambridge Dictionary. 2023. 'Meaning of separatism in English'. Cambridge Dictionary. Accessed 1 May 2023. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/separatism.
Clark, R. M. 2019. Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach 5th Ed. Washington: Sage Publications Inc.
Dubnov, A. M and L. Robson. 2019. A Transnational History of 20th Century Territorial Separatism: Partitions. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Gehring, K. and A. S. Schneider. 2020. 'Regional resources and democratic secessionism.' Journal of Public Economics 181: 1–18. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104073.
Golubović, M. and Saković, R. 2023. 'The Comparative Analysis of the State Strategic Documents in the Field of Security.' Vojno delo 1(23): 1–17. doi: 10.5937/vojdelo2301001G.
Griffiths, R. D. 2017. Age of Secession: The International and Domestic Determinants of State Birth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kingsbury, D. 2021. Separatism and the State. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
Kobayashi, A. 2020. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (2nd Edition). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Krause, P. 2022. 'The strategies of counter-secession: How states prevent independence.' Nations and Nationalism 28 (3): 788–805. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12822.
Krnetić, H. 2017. Theory of secession - case study: Catalonia and Scotland, Master Thesis, Banjaluka: University of Banjaluka - Faculty of Political Sciences.
Lewis, J. S. 2022. 'What drives support for separatism? Exposure to conflict and relative ethnic size in Biafra, Nigeria.' Nations and Nationalism: 1–25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12907.
Malbasic, Z. and M. Trbojevic. 2020. 'Defining Irredentism as a Security Phenomenon.' Journal of Criminalistics and Law 25 (2): 39–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.5937/nabepo25-25836.
Medvedev, N., D. Slizovskiy, V. Glebov, V. Medvedev and A. R. Amini, A. R. 2019. 'Ethno- Language Issue as a Source of Separatism and Instability in Ukraine.' Journal of Politics and Law 12 (5): 111–117. doi: https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n5p111.
Muro, D. 2018. Strategies of secession and counter-secession in Secession and Counter- secession: An International Relations Perspective (19-26). Barcelona: Barcelona Centre for International Affairs.
Oxford Learner’s Dictionary. 2023. 'Definition of separatist noun from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary'. Oxford Learner's Dictionary. Accessed 1st of May 2023. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/separatist.
Oxford Reference. 2019. 'Definition of Separatism'. Oxford Reference. Accessed 1st of May 2023. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191848124.001.0001/acref- 9780191848124-e-182;jsessionid=84C246A3B418CEF981C23F23DB8D959B.
Pang, Q. and F. Jiang. 2019. 'Hong Kong’s growing separatist tendencies against China’s Rise: Comparing mainland and Hong Kong college students’ national identities.' Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 48 (1): 3–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102619886597.
Rae, D. 2019. 'The Causes of Separatist Violence.' The Undergraduate Journal of Politics, Policy and Society. Accessed 5th of May 2023. https://www.ujpps.com/index.php/ujpps/announcement/view/29.
Reddit. 2020. 'FlagMap of Europe if all separatist movements were sucessfull'. Accessed 1st of May 2023. https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/gyywlh/flagmap_of_europe_if_all_separat ist_movements/.
Roehner, B. M. and L. J. Rahilly. 2016. Separatism and Disintegration: A comparative investigation. Paris: University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC).
Roth, B. R. 2023. 'Self-determination as the basis for a right to secession'. In The Routledge Handbook of Self-Determination and Secession, edited by Ryan D. Griffiths, Aleksandar Pavković and Peter Radan, XX-XX. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
Ryabinin, Y. 2017. 'The Basic Causes of Contemporary Separatism.' Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 7 (1): 5–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.4467/24512249JG.17.001.6200.
Tilly, C. 2004. Social Movements 1768 – 2004. London: Paradigm Publishers.
Voronovici, A. 2020. 'Internationalist Separatism and the Political Use of “Historical Statehood“ in the Unrecognized Republics of Transnistria and Donbass.' Problems of Post- Communism 67 (3): 288–302. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2019.1594918.
Wellman, C. H. 2005. A Theory of Secession: The case for political self-determination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Xhardez, C. 2020. Divided Belgium: Flemish nationalism and the rise of pro-separatist politics in Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe. Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin.
Dacic, Dusan. [@Duyo96]. (2022). 'Bosniaks in the territory of the former Yugoslavia according to the 2002/11/13 population census year'. Twitter. 23rd of February. Accessed 1st of May 2023. https://twitter.com/Duyo96/status/1496559679002095616.
Luknar, I. 2022. 'Education as an Aspect of Soft Power in Solving the Kosovo-Metohija Problem.' Vojno delo 5: 83–92. doi: https://doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2205083L.
Panonian. 2009. 'Irredentist territorial pretensions towards Serbia (1919-2009).' Wikiwand. Accessed 7th of March 2023. https://www.wikiwand.com/sr/Иредентистички_национализам.
Pavkovic, A. 2012. 'Secession and its diverse definitions', Hobart: Australian Political Studies Association Conference, 24-26 September.
Petrovic, R. 2022. Spain – suppression of secessionism. Belgrade: Catena Mundi and Institute for European Studies.
Politika. 2023. 'In Washington, they are looking for a community of Albanians in Pristina'. Politika. 1st of March. Accessed 1st of May 2023. https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/540253/vasington-alnabci-presevo.
Published
2024/05/16
Section
Članci