DIPLOMATIC POWER WEAVING OF GLOBAL SYSTEMIC CHANGE: THE EUROPEAN UNION’S STEPS
Keywords:
diplomacy, relational theory, diplomatic power, will for relationships, mutuality, Evropska unija, China, United States of America, Ordedemonium
Abstract
This research seeks to provide a viable understanding of the main specificities of incongruences of reality with the theoretical assumptions on the working of the international by developing the concept of diplomatic power. The relational theoretical perspective on diplomacy as the peaceful search for the consent on just and commonised sharing of life, time, and planet affords the conceptualisation of diplomatic power as the non-episodic offering to others what they need, when, how, and for as long as they need it free from conditions and expectations of returns. The inquiry focuses on how diplomatic power is weaving out of several relational threads of relationships, the one of mutuality transcending the hegemonic “complex interdependence”. In this futuring process, the unfolding of diplomacy transforms the global relations system, prefigurating its emergent participatory democratic structures. The People’s Republic of China mobilised offerings to others of what they need conditionality free or non-rewarding for their conduct favourable to its interests have been the challenge to the European Union and the United States of America. Comparing their efforts, backed by the Group of 7, to counter China’s diplomatic power has proved impotent even when they combined their diplomatic power. Yet, the enlarged supply of options empowers long-marginalized states. The conflictual dynamics driven by the European Union and the United States of America competing with the People’s Republic of China is undermining the possibility of mutuality as a new relational pattern to order the world safe for just humanity on a secure planet.
References
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Kuus, Merje. 2015. “Symbolic Power in Diplomatic Practice: Matters of Style in Brussels.” Cooperation and Conflict 50 (3): 368–384.
Leander, Anna. 2008. “Thinking tools”. In Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide, eds. Audie Klotz and Deepa Prakesh, 11–27. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lechner, Silviya, and Mervyn Frost. 2018. Practice theory and international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Luft, Joseph and Ingham Harry. 1955. The Johari Window: a graphic model for interpersonal relations. Los Angeles: University of California Western Training Lab.
Murray, Stuart, Paul Sharp, Geoffrey Wiseman, David Criekemans, and Jan Melissen. 2011. “The present and future of diplomacy and diplomatic studies.”International Studies Review 13, no. 4: 709-728.
Neumann, Iver B. 2012. At home with the diplomats: Ethnography of a European foreign ministry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Neumann, Iver B. 2013. Diplomatic sites. London: Hurst.
Harold, Nicolson. 1954. The Evolution of Diplomatic Method. London: Orion Publishing Co.
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Ruggie, John Gerard. 1998. “What Makes the World Hang Together? Neoutilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge.” International Organization 52 (4): 855-885 doi:10.1162/002081898550770.
Sharp, Paul. 2009. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schatzki, Theodore, Karin Knorr Cetina and Eike von Savigny. eds. 2001. The practice turn in contemporary theory. London: Routledge.
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Adler, Emanuel. 2019. World ordering: A social theory of cognitive evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
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Allison, Graham. 2017. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
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Barnett, Michael. 2021. “International progress, international order, and the liberal international order.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 14 (1): 1-22. doi: 10.1093/cjip/poaa019.
Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage Publication.
Bjola, Corneliu and Markus Kornprobst. 2013. Understanding International Diplomacy: Theory, Practice and Ethics. New York, NY: Routledge.
Borell, Josep. 2022. “EU-ASEAN: Press remarks by High Representative Josep Borrell ahead of the EU-ASEAN Commemorative Summit.” European Union External Action – The Diplomatic Service of the European Union. Last accessed 7 September 2024. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-asean-press-remarks-high-representative-josep-borrell-ahead-eu-asean-commemorative-summit_en.
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Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 2004. Science of science and reflexivity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brown, Chris. 2012. “The ‘practice turn,’ phronesis and classical realism: Towards a phronetic international political theory?” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 40 (3): 439–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829812441893.
Bueger, Christian and Frank Gadinger. 2014. International practice theory: New perspectives. Basingstoke. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bull, Hedley. 1977. The Anarchical Society. London: Macmillan.
C-SPAN. 2002. “Defence Department Briefing.” Last accessed 10 September 2024. https://www.c-span.org/video/?168646-1/defense-department-briefing.
Carr, Edward Hallett. [1939] 1946. The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-39 (2nd edition). New York: Macmillan Press.
Cooley, Alexander, and Nexon, Daniel H. 2020. “(No) Exit from liberalism?” New Perspectives 28 (3): 280-291. https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X20934974.
Constantinou, Costas M. and James Der Derian. eds. 2010. Sustainable Diplomacies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Constantinou, Costas M. 1996. On the Way to Diplomacy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Cooper, Andrew F., Brian Hocking and William Maley. eds. 2008. Global Governance and Diplomacy: Worlds Apart? New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cornago, Noe. 2013. Plural diplomacies: Normative predicaments and functional imperatives. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Donati, Pierpaolo. 2021. Transcending Modernity with Relational Thinking. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.
Drieschova, Alena, Christian Bueger, and Ted Hopf. eds. 2022. Conceptualizing international practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Élysée. 2024. Déclarations et accords institutionnels agréés à l’occasion de la visite d’Etat de XI Jinping, Président de la République populaire de Chine, en France. 10 May 2024. Last accessed 13 September 2024. https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2024/05/10/declarations-et-accords-institutionnels-agrees-a-loccasion-de-la-visite-detat-de-xi-jinping-president-de-la-republique-populaire-de-chine-en-france.
Ferguson, Niall. 2003. “An empire in denial: The limits of US imperialism.” Harvard International Review 25 (3): 64-69.
Garrett, Geoffrey. 2010. “G2 in G20: China, the United States and the World After the Global Financial Crisis.” Global Policy 1 (1): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2009.00014.x.
González de Molina, Manuel, and Víctor M. Toledo. 2024. The Social Metabolism: A Socio-Ecological Theory of Historical Change. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Gu, Xuewu. 2022. Structural Power in the Global Age: Why Modernity is Ending and Globality Prevails. London: Springer Nature.
Guzzini, Stefano. 2005. “The Concept of Power: a Constructivist Analysis.” Millennium 33 (3), 495-521. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298050330031301.
Hoffmann, Stanley. 1977. “An American social science.” In International Relations: Section I. The nature and purpose of international relations theory. Section II. Idealism and realism, ed. Andrew Linklater, 77-98. Milton Park, Abingdon: Taylor & Francis.
Katzenstein, Peter J., and Lucia A. Seybert. 2018b. “Protean power and uncertainty: Exploring the unexpected in world politics.” International Studies Quarterly 62 (1): 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx092.
Khanna, Parag. 2019. The Future is Asian: Commerce, Conflict, and Culture in the 21st Century. New York: Simone &Schuster.
Khanna, Parag. 2024. “The Red Sea Crisis Proves China Was Ahead of the Curve.” Foreign Policy (FP) Analysis Website. January 20, 2024. Последњи приступ 12. септембар 2024. https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/01/20/url-red-sea-houthis-china-belt-road-suez-trade-corridors/.
Kissinger, Henry. 1955. “The Limitations of Diplomacy”. The New Republic [online], 7₋8. Last accessed 7 September 2024. https://tinyurl.com/jl6qpnc8.
Krauthammer, Charles. 1990/1991. “The Unipolar Moment.” Foreign Affairs (1): 23-33.
Kuus, Merje. 2015. “Symbolic Power in Diplomatic Practice: Matters of Style in Brussels.” Cooperation and Conflict 50 (3): 368–384.
Leander, Anna. 2008. “Thinking tools”. In Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide, eds. Audie Klotz and Deepa Prakesh, 11–27. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lechner, Silviya, and Mervyn Frost. 2018. Practice theory and international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Luft, Joseph and Ingham Harry. 1955. The Johari Window: a graphic model for interpersonal relations. Los Angeles: University of California Western Training Lab.
Murray, Stuart, Paul Sharp, Geoffrey Wiseman, David Criekemans, and Jan Melissen. 2011. “The present and future of diplomacy and diplomatic studies.”International Studies Review 13, no. 4: 709-728.
Neumann, Iver B. 2012. At home with the diplomats: Ethnography of a European foreign ministry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Neumann, Iver B. 2013. Diplomatic sites. London: Hurst.
Harold, Nicolson. 1954. The Evolution of Diplomatic Method. London: Orion Publishing Co.
Nye Jr, Joseph S. 2004. “Soft power and American foreign policy.” Political Science Quarterly 119 (2): 255-270.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. 2017. “The Kindleberger Trap.” Project Syndicate. Last accessed 9 September 2024. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trump-china-kindleberger-trap-by-joseph-s--nye-2017-01?barrier=accesspay.
Pouliot, Vincent and Cornut, Jérémie. 2015. “Practice theory and the study of diplomacy: A research agenda.” Cooperation and Conflict 50 (3): 297–315. DOI:10.1177/0010836715574913.
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1998. “What Makes the World Hang Together? Neoutilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge.” International Organization 52 (4): 855-885 doi:10.1162/002081898550770.
Sharp, Paul. 2009. Diplomatic Theory of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schatzki, Theodore, Karin Knorr Cetina and Eike von Savigny. eds. 2001. The practice turn in contemporary theory. London: Routledge.
Schulzinger, Robert D. 1989. Henry Kissinger: Doctor of Diplomacy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sending, Ole. J., Vincent Pouliot and Iver B. Neumann. eds. 2015. Diplomacy and the making of world politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Slaughter, Anne-Marie. 2009. “America's edge: Power in the networked century.” Foreign affairs 88 (1): 94-113.
Steiner, Barry H. 2004. “Diplomacy and international theory.” Review of International Studies 30 (4): 493-509.
Stefanović Štambuk, Jelica. 2010. “Da li je diplomatija danas održiva? [Diplomacy: Is It Still Sustainable?]” Međunarodni problemi LXII (4): 641 – 677. DOI:10.2298/MEDJP1004641S.
Strange, Susan. 1994. “Wake up, Krasner! The World Has Changed.” Review of International Political Economy 1 (2): 209–19. doi:10.1080/09692299408434276.
Strange, Susan. 1995. “The defective state.” Daedalus 124 (2): 55-74.
Strange, Susan. 1996. The retreat of the state: The diffusion of power in the world economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Strange, Susan.1997. “The erosion of the state.” Current History 96 (613): 365-169.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC]. 2022. “What is the Triple Planetary Crises?.” United Nations Climate Change. Last accessed 7 September 2024. https://unfccc.int/blog/what-is-the-triple-planetary-crisis.
Taylor, Alan J. P. 1980. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848-1918 (Revised edition). Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press.
The White House [WH], National Security Strategy, 2 October 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf.
von der Leyen, Ursula. 2019. “Political Guidelines for the next European Commission 2024−2029.” Strasbourg, 18 July 2019. https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/e6cd4328-673c-4e7a-8683-f63ffb2cf648_en?filename=Political%20Guidelines%202024-2029_EN.pdf.
von der Leyen, Ursula. 2024. “Europe’s Choice: Political Guidelines for the next European Commission 2024−2029” Strasbourg, 18 July 2024. https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/e6cd4328-673c-4e7a-8683-f63ffb2cf648_en?filename=Political%20Guidelines%202024-2029_EN.pdf.
Vucic, Aleksandar and Jinping Xi. 2024. “Joint Statement of the President of the Republic of Serbia and the President of the People’s Republic of China”. Republic of Serbia – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 18 May 2024. https://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/press-service/statements/joint-statement-president-republic-serbia-and-president-people-s-republic-china.
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Watson, Adam. 1982. Diplomacy: the dialogue between states. London and New York: Routledge.
Wendt, Alexander. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wendt, Alexander. 2015. Quantum Mind and Social Science: Unifying Physical and Social Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
World Economic Forum [WEF]. 2023. The Global Risks Report 2023 (18th edition). Insight Report. Cologny/Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum, January 11, 2023. Last accessed 13 September 2024. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2023/.
Xuetong, Yan. 2021. “Becoming strong: The new Chinese foreign policy.” Foreign Affairs 100: 40-47.
Xinhua. 2024. “China, Hungary elevate ties to all-weather comprehensive strategic partnership.” Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). 10 May 2024. http://en.cppcc.gov.cn/2024-05/10/c_985727.htm.
Yinhong, Shi (时殷弘). 2016. 蔡永伟, “时殷弘教授：中国‘战略透支’风险日增”. Lianhe Zaobao, September 21. 2016. https://www.zaobao.com.sg/znews/greater-china/.
Zhongying, Pang, 2020. “From Tao Guang Yang Hui to Xin Xing: China’s Complex Foreign Policy Transformation and Southeast Asia.” Trends in Southeast Asia 7. Singapore: ISAEAS Publishing. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TRS7_20.pdf.