МEDIA, MIGRATION AND TERRORISM - SOME CORRELATIONS

  • Milovan Subotic
Keywords: terrorism, migrations, media, reporting, radicalization, correlation

Abstract


How do contemporary media approach the phenomena of migration and terrorism and their correlation? What factors contribute to the increased media attention given to news related to terrorism and migration? What are the experiences of the academic community studying these phenomena in the United States, Europe, and more specifically, in the Mediterranean gateway countries of Europe – Italy, Spain, and Greece? How does the rise in irregular entries into Europe truly impact the number of terrorist attacks affecting European countries, as well as their intensity and the number of casualties resulting from such incidents? These are some of the research questions this paper seeks to address. Drawing on available literature concerning media and academic treatments of terrorism and migration, as well as insights into their similarities and differences, contradictions and paradoxes, this study concludes that, despite media portrayals often marked by sensationalism and spectacle, academic analyses of these phenomena and their correlation do not provide unambiguous confirmation that a greater influx of irregular migration into Europe directly leads to a higher number of terrorist attacks and/or an increased number of casualties on European soil.

 

References

Alexander, Yonah, and Robert G. Picard. 1991. In the Camera’s Eye: News Coverage of Terrorist Events. Washington: Brassey’s.

Archetti, Cristina. 2013. “Terrorism, Communication, and the Media.” In Understanding Terrorism in the Age of Global Media, eds. Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, Simon Mabon and Gordon Clubb, 32–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bergen, Peter, Albert Ford, Alyssa Sims, and David Sterman [Bergen et al.]. 2019. Terrorism in America After 9/11. Washington: New America.

Bove, Vincenzo, and Tobias Böhmelt. 2016. “Does Immigration Induce Terrorism?” The Journal of Politics 78 (2): 572–588. DOI: 10.1086/684679.

Calderón, Carlos Arcila, and Andreas Veglis (eds). 2023. Migrants and refugees in Southern Europe beyond the news stories - photographs, hate, and journalists’ perceptions. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.

Chermak S. M., and J. Gruenewald. 2006. “The media’s coverage of domestic terrorism.” Justice Quarterly 23 (4): 428–461. DOI: 10.1080/07418820600985305.

Cacciatore, Michael, Dietram A. Scheufele, and Shanto Iyengar. 2016. “The end of framing as we know it… and the future of media effects.” Mass communication and society 19 (1): 7–23. DOI: 10.1080/15205436.2015.1068811.

Đorić, Marija. 2024. „Istraživanje korelacije mentalnih poremećaja i terorizma.” Srpska politička misao 58 (3): 39–58. DOI: 10.5937/spm85-50255.

Forrester, Andrew C., Benjamin Powell, Alex Nowrasteh, and Michelangelo Landgrave [Forrester et al.]. 2019. “Do Immigrants Import Terrorism?” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 166: 529–543. DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2019.07.019.

Finegan, Daniel. 2015. “The Pitfalls of Journalism: Why bias and selective reporting are hurting journalism.” The Waltonian. Last accessed 10 September 2024. https://waltonian.eastern.edu/opinions/the-pitfalls-of-journalism-why-bias-and-selective-reporting-are-hurting-journalism/

Frontex. 2024. “Significant rise in irregular border crossings in 2023, highest since 2016.” Frontex. Last accessed 10 September 2024. https://www.frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news/news-release/significant-rise-in-irregular-border-crossings-in-2023-highest-since-2016-C0gGpm

Institute for Economics and Peace. 2024. “Global terrorism index 2024.” Reliefweb. Last accessed 10 September 2024. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-terrorism-index-2024.

Kearns, Erin M., Allison E. Betus, and Anthony F. Lemieux [Kearns et al.]. 2019. “Why do some terrorist attacks receive more media attention than others?” Justice Quarterly 36 (6): 985–1022. DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2018.1524507.

Leiken, Robert, and Steven Brooke. 2006. “The Quantitative Analysis of Terrorism and Immigration: An Initial Exploration.” Terrorism and Political Violence 18 (4): 503–521. DOI: 10.1080/09546550600880294.

Massey, Douglas S. 2008. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Milton, Daniel, Megan Spencer, and Michael Findley [Milton et al.]. 2013. “Radicalism of the Hopeless: Refugee Flows and Transnational Terrorism.” International Interactions 39 (5): 621–645. DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2013.834256.

Nowrasteh, Alex. 2019. “Terrorists by Immigration Status and Nationality: A Risk Analysis, 1975–2017.” Cato Institute Policy Analysis 866: 1–68.

Piazza, James A. 2011. “Poverty, Minority Economic Discrimination, and Domestic Terrorism.” Journal of Peace Research 48 (3): 339–53. DOI: 10.1177/0022343310397404.

Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2019. “Why do some terrorist attacks receive more media attention than others?” Our World In Data. Last accessed 10 September 2024. https://ourworldindata.org/why-do-some-terrorist-attacks-receive-more-media-attention-than-others.

Rosenblum, Marc R., and Ariel G. Ruiz Soto. 2015. An Analysis of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States by Country and Region of Birth. Washington: Migration Policy Institute.

Ross, Jeffrey. 2007. “Deconstructing the Terrorism News Media Relationship.” Crime, Media, Culture 3 (2): 215–225. DOI: 10.1177/1741659007078555.

Rubiera, Claudia Lorenzo. 2023. “Criminals, terrorists and freeloaders: how migrants are portrayed in the European media.” The Conversation. Last accessed 10 September 2024. https://theconversation.com/criminals-terrorists-and-freeloaders-how-migrants-are-portrayed-in-the-european-media-208524

Saleem, Muniba, Sara Prot, Craig A. Anderson, and Anthony F. Lemieux [Saleem et al.]. 2017. “Exposure to Muslims in media and support for public policies harming Muslims.” Communication Research 44 (6): 841–869. DOI: 10.1177/0093650215619214.

Sikorski, Christian, Jörg Matthes, and Desirée Schmuck [Sikorski et. al.]. 2018. “The Islamic State in the news: Journalistic differentiation of Islamist terrorism from Islam, terror news proximity, and Islamophobic attitudes.” Communication Research 48 (2): 203–232. DOI: 10.1177/0093650218803276.

Sikorski, Christian, Desirée Schmuck, Jörg Matthes, Claudia Klobasa, Helena Knupfer, and Melanie Saumer [Sikorski et. al.]. 2022. “Do journalists differentiate between Muslims and Islamist terrorists? A content analysis of terrorism news coverage.” Journalism 23 (6): 1171–1193. DOI: 10.1177/1464884921990223.

START. 2021. Global Terrorism Database. Maryland: University of Maryland.

Stanar, Dragan. 2020. „Vojska i terorizam: alternativna perspektiva opravdanosti upotrebe oružanih snaga protiv terorizma.” Politička revija 65 (3): 73–93. DOI: 10.22182/pr.6532020.4.

Semakula, Daniel, Allen Nsangi, Andrew Oxman, and Nelson Sewankambo [Semakula et al.]. 2015. “Priority setting for resources to improve the understanding of information about claims of treatment effects in the mass media.” Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 8 (2): 84–90. DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12153

Subotić, Milovan. 2019. „Religija i rat – povratak otpisanog.” Međunarodni problemi 71 (4): 476–497. DOI: 10.2298/MEDJP1904476S.

Subotić, Milovan. 2022. Migracije i ekstremizam. Beograd: Medija centar Odbrana.

Subotić, Milovan. 2024. „Iregularne migracije kao izazov regionalnoj i nacionalnoj bezbednosti.” Politika nacionalne bezbednosti 26 (1): 45–68. DOI: 10.5937/pnb26-49872.

Subotić, Milovan, and Miroslav Mitrović. 2023. “European Security and The Migrant Crisis.” In Strategic Intersections – The New Architecture of International Security, eds. Milovan Subotić and Serban Cioculescu, 114–128. Belgrade: Strategic Research Institute, Bucharest: Institute for Political Studies of Defense and Military History.

van Zuijdewijn, Jeanine de Roy. 2015. “Peace, Terrorism, Armed Conflict and War Crimes.” Security and Human Rights. 26 (2–4): 207–223.

WACC. 2023. “Background: Why accurate media coverage of migration is important.” Waccglobal. Last accessed 10 September 2024. https://waccglobal.org/background-why-accurate-media-coverage-of-migration-is-important/

Wilner, Alex S., and Claire-Jehanne Dubouloz. 2010. “Homegrown Terrorism and Transformative Learning: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Radicalization.” Global Change, Peace & Security 22 (1): 33–51. DOI: 10.1080/14781150903487956.

Zapotosky, Matt. 2019. “Wray Says FBI Has Recorded about 100 Domestic Terrorism Arrests in Fiscal 2019 and Many Investigations Involve White Supremacy.” Washington Post. Last accessed 10 September 2024. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/wray-says-fbi-has-recorded-about-100-domestic-terrorism-arrests-in-fiscal-2019-and-most-investigations-involve-white-supremacy/2019/07/23/600d49a6-aca1-11e9-bc5c-e73b603e7f38_story.html

Published
2025/01/10
Section
Articles