SLOW TOURISM AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO MASS TOURISM: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES
Keywords:
slow tourism, mass tourism, tourism, hospitality, literature, case studies
Abstract
Increasing concern about the negative impacts of mass tourism on the environment, culture, and local communities has sparked interest in alternative forms of tourism. Slow tourism represents one of these forms, focused on slow, mindful, high-quality, and sustainable travel that emphasizes a deeper connection with local culture, communities, and nature. The concept of “slow” thinking encourages tourists to step away from their daily tasks. This concept is increasingly attracting travelers who are free from the pressures of mass tourism and who seek authentic experiences and more meaningful interactions with destinations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on slow tourism, exploring its concept, evolution, and current scope. In addition to theoretical insights, the paper includes case studies that illustrate the practical aspects of slow tourism. Through analysis, the key characteristics and potentials of slow tourism as a sustainable alternative to mass tourism are identified, with the aim of providing new insights into its application and impact. Also, this analysis contributes to deepening the knowledge of new trends in tourism and furthering the author's research on the development of this phenomenon.
References
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Chi, X. & Han, H. (2020b) Performance of tourism products in a slow city and formation of affection and loyalty: Yaxi Cittaslow visitors perceptions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(10), 1586–1612.
Cohen, E. (1979) A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. Sociology, 13, 179–201.
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Georgica, G. (2015) The Tourist’s Perception about Slow Travel – A Romanian Perspective. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 1596–1601.
Howard, C. (2012) Speeding Up and Slowing Down: Pilgrimage and Slow Travel through Time. In: Fullagar, S., Markwell, K., Wilson, E. Slow Tourism: Experiences and Mobilities. Bristol, UK: Channel View, 11–24.
Hall, C. M. (2009) Degrowing tourism: Décroissance, sustainable consumption and steady-state tourism. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20 (1), 46–61.
Hassan, V., Zrnić, M. (2021) Slow tourism: A niche market towards sustainability of Moonlight Farm House „Barouk area“. Turističko poslovanje, 28, 57–63.
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Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982) Toward a Social Psychological Theory of Tourism Motivation: A Rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research, 9, 256–262.
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Jung, T. H., Ineson, E. M. & Miller, A. (2014) The slow food movement and sustainable tourism development: A case study of Mold, Wales. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 432–445.
Jitendra, S., Siddharth, K. & Vishvanath, S. (2023) Exploring the dimensions of slow tourism. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 29(2), 1-8.
Krippendorf, J. (1987) The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. Oxford: Heinemann Professional.
Khan, S. (2015) How Slow is ‘Slow’? Dilemmas of Slow Tourism. TEAM Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12 (1), 39–49.
Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. R. & McCormick, B. (2010) Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51 (1), 12–25.
Kassean, H. & Gassita, R. (2013) Exploring tourists push and pull motivations to visit Mauritius as a tourist destination. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2(3), 1–13.
Lumsdon, L. M. & McGrath, P. (2011) Developing a conceptual framework for slow travel: A grounded theory approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(3), 265–279.
Lin, L. P., Huang, S. C. & Ho, Y. C. (2020) Could virtual reality effectively market slow travel in a heritage destination?. Tourism Management, 78(4), Article. 104027.
Losada, N. & Moto, G. (2019) Slow down, your movie is too fast: Slow tourism representations in the promotional videos of the Douro region (Northern Portugal). Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11, 140–149.
Lee, T. H. & Crompton, J. (1992) Measuring Novelty Seeking in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 732–751.
Lin, L. P. (2017) Industrial tourists’ behavioural intention toward slow travel in Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(3), 379–396.
Markwell, K., Fullagar, S. & Wilson, E. (2012) Reflecting upon slow travel and tourism experiences. In: Fullager, S., Markwell, K. Wilson, E. Slow tourism: Experiences and mobilities. Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications. 99–112.
Manthiou, A., Klaus, P. & Luong, V. A. (2022) Slow tourism: Conceptualization and interpretation – a travel vloggers’ perspective. Tourism Management, 93, Article 104570.
McCabe, S. (2009) Who Needs a Holiday? Evaluating Social Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 36 (4), 667–688.
Nikjoo, A. H. & Ketabi, M. (2015) The role of push and pull factors in the way tourists choose their destination. Anatolia, 26(4), 588–597.
Oh, H., Assaf, G. & Baloglu, S. (2016) Motivations and goals of slow tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 55(2), 205–219.
Oh, H., Fiore, A. M. & Jeong, M. (2007) Measuring Experience Economy Concepts: Tourism Applications. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 119–132.
Pulido, F. J. I., Cardenas, G. P. J. & Espinosa, P. J. A. (2019) Does environmental sustainability contribute to tourism growth? An analysis at the country level. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 309–319.
Pellešová, P. (2020) Globalization and perception of tourism trends by supply and demand. SHS Web of Conferences, Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences, 74, 1–8.
Petrini, C., Padovani, G. (2006) Slow Food Revolution – A New Culture for Eating and Living, Journal of Rural Studies, 24(4), 478–479.
Pécsek, B. (2014) Gyorsuló idő, lassuló turizmus: a lassú turizmus modellezése. Turizmus Bulletin, 1, 3–10.
Pécsek, B. (2018) Slow tourism as the sustainable alternative for developing urban tourism destinations.
Pegaz Holiday Resort. Доступно на: https://hotelpegaz.com/, прегледано: 20. мај 2024. године.
Ryan, C. & Glendon, I. (1998) Application of Leisure Motivation Scale to Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (1), 169–184.
Rand, G. E. & Heath, E. (2009) Local food as a key element of sustainable tourism competitiveness. In: Saarinen, J., Beckher, F., Manwa, H. & Wilson, D. Sustainable Tourism in Southern Africa: Local Communities and Natural Resources in Transition. Channel View Publications, Bristol, UK: 253-268.
Scott, D., Hall, C. M. & Gossling, S. (2019) Global tourism vulnerability to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, 77, 49–61.
Serdane, Z., Maccarrone, E. A. & Sharifi, S. (2020) Conceptualising slow tourism: a perspective from Latvia. Tourism Recreation Research, 45(3), 337–350.
Snepenger, D., King, J., Marshall, E. & Uysal, M. (2006) Modeling Iso-Ahola’s Motivation Theory in the Tourism Context. Journal of Travel Research, 45 (3), 140–149.
Timms, B. F. & Conway, D. (2012) Slow tourism at the Caribbean’s geographical margins. Tourism Geographies, 14(3), 396–418.
Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S. & Liu, F. (2020) Covid-19:Potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1), 74–87.
Walker, T. B., Lee, T. J. & Li, X. (2021) Sustainable development for small island tourism: Developing slow tourism in the Caribbean. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(1), 1–15.
Waller, J. & Lea, S. E. G. (1998) Seeking the Real Spain? Authenticity in Motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (4), 110–129.
What is the St James way? Доступно на: https://caminoways.com/the-way-of-st-james, прегледано: 20. мај 2024. године.
Yoon, Y. & Uysal, M. (2005) An Examination of the Effects of Motivation and Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model. Tourism Management, 26 (1), 45–56.
Yurtseven, H. R. & Kaya, O. (2011) Slow Tourists: A Comparative Research Based on Cittaslow Principles. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1 (2), 91–98.
Zielińska-Szczepkowska, J. (2019) Cittaslow Movement as a Concept for Promoting Small Cities. Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie, 20 (2), 301–316.
An authentic experience of place. Доступно на: https://meravigliaslowliving.com/about/, прегледано: 20. мај 2024. године.
Beh, A. W. & Bruyere, B. L. (2007) Segmentation by Visitor Motivation in Three Kenyan National Reserves. Tourism Management, 28 (6), 1464–1471.
Caffyn, A. (2012) Advocating and implementing slow tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(1), 77–80.
Chi, X. & Han, H. (2020b) Performance of tourism products in a slow city and formation of affection and loyalty: Yaxi Cittaslow visitors perceptions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(10), 1586–1612.
Cohen, E. (1979) A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. Sociology, 13, 179–201.
Crompton, J. (1979) Motivations of Pleasure Vacations. Annals of Tourism Research, 6 (4), 408–824.
Cittaslow - inna strona nowoczesności. Доступно на: https://cittaslowpolska.pl/, прегледано: 20. мај 2024 године.
Fodness, D. (1994) Measuring Tourist Motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 21 (3), 555–581.
Five reasons to do the Way of St. James and repeat. Доступно на: https://viandotreks.com/en/5-reasons-to-do-the-camino-de-santiago-and-repeat-the-journey/, прегледано: 20. мај 2024. године.
Gardner, N. (2009) A manifesto for slow travel, Hidden Europe no. 25, доступно на: https://www.hiddeneurope.co.uk/the-magazine/issues/hidden-europe-25/a-manifesto-for-slow-travel/, преузето: 15. мај 2024. године
Georgica, G. (2015) The Tourist’s Perception about Slow Travel – A Romanian Perspective. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 1596–1601.
Howard, C. (2012) Speeding Up and Slowing Down: Pilgrimage and Slow Travel through Time. In: Fullagar, S., Markwell, K., Wilson, E. Slow Tourism: Experiences and Mobilities. Bristol, UK: Channel View, 11–24.
Hall, C. M. (2009) Degrowing tourism: Décroissance, sustainable consumption and steady-state tourism. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20 (1), 46–61.
Hassan, V., Zrnić, M. (2021) Slow tourism: A niche market towards sustainability of Moonlight Farm House „Barouk area“. Turističko poslovanje, 28, 57–63.
International Network of Cities where living is Good – Orvieto. https://www.cittaslow.org/network/orvieto, прегледано: 20. мај 2024. године.
Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982) Toward a Social Psychological Theory of Tourism Motivation: A Rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research, 9, 256–262.
Juvan, E. & Dolnicar, S. (2014) The attitude–behaviour gap in sustainable tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 76–95.
Jung, T. H., Ineson, E. M. & Miller, A. (2014) The slow food movement and sustainable tourism development: A case study of Mold, Wales. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 432–445.
Jitendra, S., Siddharth, K. & Vishvanath, S. (2023) Exploring the dimensions of slow tourism. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 29(2), 1-8.
Krippendorf, J. (1987) The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. Oxford: Heinemann Professional.
Khan, S. (2015) How Slow is ‘Slow’? Dilemmas of Slow Tourism. TEAM Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12 (1), 39–49.
Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. R. & McCormick, B. (2010) Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51 (1), 12–25.
Kassean, H. & Gassita, R. (2013) Exploring tourists push and pull motivations to visit Mauritius as a tourist destination. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2(3), 1–13.
Lumsdon, L. M. & McGrath, P. (2011) Developing a conceptual framework for slow travel: A grounded theory approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(3), 265–279.
Lin, L. P., Huang, S. C. & Ho, Y. C. (2020) Could virtual reality effectively market slow travel in a heritage destination?. Tourism Management, 78(4), Article. 104027.
Losada, N. & Moto, G. (2019) Slow down, your movie is too fast: Slow tourism representations in the promotional videos of the Douro region (Northern Portugal). Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11, 140–149.
Lee, T. H. & Crompton, J. (1992) Measuring Novelty Seeking in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 732–751.
Lin, L. P. (2017) Industrial tourists’ behavioural intention toward slow travel in Taiwan. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(3), 379–396.
Markwell, K., Fullagar, S. & Wilson, E. (2012) Reflecting upon slow travel and tourism experiences. In: Fullager, S., Markwell, K. Wilson, E. Slow tourism: Experiences and mobilities. Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications. 99–112.
Manthiou, A., Klaus, P. & Luong, V. A. (2022) Slow tourism: Conceptualization and interpretation – a travel vloggers’ perspective. Tourism Management, 93, Article 104570.
McCabe, S. (2009) Who Needs a Holiday? Evaluating Social Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 36 (4), 667–688.
Nikjoo, A. H. & Ketabi, M. (2015) The role of push and pull factors in the way tourists choose their destination. Anatolia, 26(4), 588–597.
Oh, H., Assaf, G. & Baloglu, S. (2016) Motivations and goals of slow tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 55(2), 205–219.
Oh, H., Fiore, A. M. & Jeong, M. (2007) Measuring Experience Economy Concepts: Tourism Applications. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 119–132.
Pulido, F. J. I., Cardenas, G. P. J. & Espinosa, P. J. A. (2019) Does environmental sustainability contribute to tourism growth? An analysis at the country level. Journal of Cleaner Production, 213, 309–319.
Pellešová, P. (2020) Globalization and perception of tourism trends by supply and demand. SHS Web of Conferences, Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences, 74, 1–8.
Petrini, C., Padovani, G. (2006) Slow Food Revolution – A New Culture for Eating and Living, Journal of Rural Studies, 24(4), 478–479.
Pécsek, B. (2014) Gyorsuló idő, lassuló turizmus: a lassú turizmus modellezése. Turizmus Bulletin, 1, 3–10.
Pécsek, B. (2018) Slow tourism as the sustainable alternative for developing urban tourism destinations.
Pegaz Holiday Resort. Доступно на: https://hotelpegaz.com/, прегледано: 20. мај 2024. године.
Ryan, C. & Glendon, I. (1998) Application of Leisure Motivation Scale to Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (1), 169–184.
Rand, G. E. & Heath, E. (2009) Local food as a key element of sustainable tourism competitiveness. In: Saarinen, J., Beckher, F., Manwa, H. & Wilson, D. Sustainable Tourism in Southern Africa: Local Communities and Natural Resources in Transition. Channel View Publications, Bristol, UK: 253-268.
Scott, D., Hall, C. M. & Gossling, S. (2019) Global tourism vulnerability to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, 77, 49–61.
Serdane, Z., Maccarrone, E. A. & Sharifi, S. (2020) Conceptualising slow tourism: a perspective from Latvia. Tourism Recreation Research, 45(3), 337–350.
Snepenger, D., King, J., Marshall, E. & Uysal, M. (2006) Modeling Iso-Ahola’s Motivation Theory in the Tourism Context. Journal of Travel Research, 45 (3), 140–149.
Timms, B. F. & Conway, D. (2012) Slow tourism at the Caribbean’s geographical margins. Tourism Geographies, 14(3), 396–418.
Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S. & Liu, F. (2020) Covid-19:Potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 76(1), 74–87.
Walker, T. B., Lee, T. J. & Li, X. (2021) Sustainable development for small island tourism: Developing slow tourism in the Caribbean. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(1), 1–15.
Waller, J. & Lea, S. E. G. (1998) Seeking the Real Spain? Authenticity in Motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (4), 110–129.
What is the St James way? Доступно на: https://caminoways.com/the-way-of-st-james, прегледано: 20. мај 2024. године.
Yoon, Y. & Uysal, M. (2005) An Examination of the Effects of Motivation and Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model. Tourism Management, 26 (1), 45–56.
Yurtseven, H. R. & Kaya, O. (2011) Slow Tourists: A Comparative Research Based on Cittaslow Principles. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1 (2), 91–98.
Zielińska-Szczepkowska, J. (2019) Cittaslow Movement as a Concept for Promoting Small Cities. Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie, 20 (2), 301–316.