Agresija NATO-a na SRJ 1999. godine: provera efikasnosti novih borbenih sredstava

Ključne reči: tužba, stelt avion B-2, probojne bombe JDAM, bombe za zamračivanje, elektroprovodljiva vlakna, zagađenje životne sredine

Sažetak


Uvod/cilj: U vreme bombardovanja Republike Srbije 1999. godine, NATO je koristio tri nova bоrbena sredstva,  koja su tada prvi put ispitana. Prvo sredstvo je strateški nevidljivi bombarder B-2, drugo su nove razorne bombe JDAM (Joint Direct Attack Munition) i, treće, „meke bombe”, ili bombe za zamračivanje, od elektroprovodljivih tankih vlakana. Cilj rada jeste da se prikažu ova borbena sredstva i da se kvantitativno detektuju elementi elektroprovodljivih vlakana. U radu je predstavljena i tužba Savezne Republike Jugoslavije (SRJ) Međunarodnom krivičnom sudu za bivšu Jugoslaviju (MKSJ) u Hagu. Tužba je odbijena. 

Metode: Izvršene su fizičke i hemijske analize vlakana. Za analizu fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika elektroprovidljivih vlakana korišćen je elektronski mikroskop SEM JSM Jeol 6610LV. On omogućava dobijanje informacije o morfologiji površine uzoraka, pri čemu se dobija slika visoke rezolucije. Mikroskop je opremljen detektorom H-zraka (Oxford Instrumets X-Max 20 mm2) za EDS analizu (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy). Takođe, omogućava da se odredi hemijski sastav materijala u analiziranoj zapremini uzorka, na osnovu interakcije usmerenog elektronskog snopa i atoma uzorka.

Rezultati: Prikazane su karakteristike stelt aviona B-2 koji je bombardovao SRJ. Bomba JDAM je usavršena obična bomba MK kojoj  su dodati elektronski uređaji koji je vode preko satelita. Semi-kvantitativna anliza vlakana urađena je na SEM i potvrdila da se metalni sloj vlakna dominantno sastoji od aluminijuma, a da nemetalni sloj ima najveći udeo silicijum-dioksida. Vlakna su kancerogena.

Zaključak: Teritorija  SR Jugoslavije je 1999. godine bila poligon za ispitivanje novih borbenih sredstava NATO aviona B-2 i vođene bombe JDAM.  Bombe za zamračivanje bacane su na elektro-sisteme SR Jugoslavije i ostavljale celu Srbiju više časova u mraku. Životna sredina kontaminirana je radiološki, hemijski i staklo-aluminijumskim elektroprovodljivim vlaknima.

Reference

-Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2014. Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine, May 06 [online]. Available at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=212&tid=38 [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

-Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2004. Toxicological Profile for Synthetic Vitreous Fibers, September [online]. Available at: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp161.pdf [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Anđelković-Lukić, M. 2015. Darovi milosrdnog anđela - Ekološko razmatranje rata NATO protiv SR Jugoslavije, 2. dopunjeno izdanje. Novi Sad: Balkanija (in Serbian). ISBN: 978-86-89881-01-1.

Anđelković-Lukić, М. 2021. Hemijsko zagađenje teritorije SRJ piralenom i eksplozijama ubojnih sredstava za vreme bombardovanja 1999. godine. In: Grujičić, D. & Vukmirović, Z. (Eds.) Istina o posledicama NATO bombardovanja Srbije 1999. godine, pp.147-170. Belgrade: Društvo Srbije za borbu protiv raka (in Serbian). ISBN: 978-86-84511-35-7.

Anđelković-Lukić, М.N. & Stojanović, М.D. 2020. Electrically conductive fibers in cluster bomblets which targeted the electric power system of FR Yugoslavia in 1999. Vojnotehnički glasnik/Military Technical Courier, 68(3), pp.554-571. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg68-27231.

Di Pietro, G. & Accame, F. 2006. Uranio impoverito. La verità. Giulia Di Pietro intervista Falco Accame. Rome, Italy: Malatempora (in Italian). ISBN: 8884250366.

-Dnuo Zhend Technology New material. 2022. Fiberglass and Composite Material Design Guide [online]. Available at: http://m.srla.dinuofrp.com/info/take-you-to-understand-glass-fiber-63447711.html [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Đurović, B., Spasić-Jokić, V., Petković, S., Fortuna, D., Selaković-Mićunović, V. & Atlagić, N. 2011. Osiromašeni uranijum – metode detekcije, saniranje neposrednih efekata i prevencija kasnih posledica. Belgrade: Dr. Branka Đurović (private publisher - personal edition) (in Serbian). ISBN: 978-86-914605-0-1.

Filipović, R. 1999. Blackout bombs. Vojnotehnički glasnik/Military Technical Courier, 47(5), pp.62-68. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5937/VojTehG9905062F.

Fortuna, D. & Dimitrijević, D. 2000. Radioactive reconnaissance in area of utilization ammunition of depleted uranium. In: 44. Conference - ETRAN 2000: Society for Electronics, Telecommunications, Computers, Automation, and Nuclear Engineering, Sokobanja, Serbia, June 26-29 [online]. Available at: https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/20818453 (in Serbian) [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Gaćinović, R. & Tomić, M. 2019. NATO agression on Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is a crime which cannot be forgotten. Kultura polisa, 16(38), pp.13-29 [online]. Available at: https://kpolisa.com/index.php/kp/article/view/275 (in Serbian) [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Gatti, A. & Montanari, S. 2004. Impact on health by nanoparticles created by high-temperature explosions. In: 8th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles [online]. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.297.1017&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Graham, S. 2004. War in the ‘Weirdly Pervious World’: Infrastructure, Demodernisation, and Geopolitics [online]. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.199.8232&rep=rep1&type=pdf [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Hristovski, M. 1994. Eksplozivne materije, rečnik srpsko-engleski, francuski, nemački (in Serbian). Belgrade: NIU Vojska, Vojna knjiga. COBISS.SR-ID – 82276359.

-Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanović Batut”. 2021. Malignant tumours in Republic of Serbia 2019. Belgrade: Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanović Batut” [online]. Available at: https://www.batut.org.rs/download/publikacije/maligniTumoriURepubliciSrbiji2019.pdf (in Serbian) [Accessed: 15 March 2022]. ISBN: 978-86-7358-111-8.

-International Court of Justice. 1996. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons [online]. Available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/case/95. [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

-International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). 2022. Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia [online]. Available at: https://www.icty.org/en/press/final-report-prosecutor-committee-established-review-nato-bombing-campaign-against-federal [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

-Navedtra 14014A. nd. Chapter 9 Aircraft Ordnance [online]. Available at: https://www.usna.edu/Training/_files/documents/References/2C%20MQS%20References/NAVEDTRA%2014014A%20Ch.%209%20Aircraft%20Ordnance.pdf [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Nye, D.E. 2019. When the Lights Went Out: A History of Blackouts in America. The MIT PRESS Reader, 14 August [online]. Available at: https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/blackouts-terrorism-history/ [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Orbović, N.B. 2020. Uvod u energetske materije, hemijski aspekti razlaganja energetskih materijala (in Serbian). Belgrade: Kiz centar. ISBN: 978-86-901726-0-3.

Parsons, R.J. 2002. Depleted uranium in bunker bombs: America's big dirty secret. Le Monde diplomatique, March [online]. Available at: https://mondediplo.com/2002/03/03uranium [Accessed: 30 December 2023].

Reimer, L. 1998. Scanning Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38967-5.

Ricks, T.E. 2002. Electrical Transformers, Serb Psyches Get Short-Circuited by New Weapon. The Wall Street Journal, 4 May [online]. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB925776795142245930 [Accessed: 30 December 2023].

Stanojević, B. 2008. Milosrdni anđeo ili knjiga mrtvih. Belgrade: Nikola Pašić (in Serbian)

-Službeni glasnik RS. 58/2016. Lista supstanci kandidata za Listu supstanci koje izazivaju zabrinutost. Belgrade: JP „Službeni glasnik“ [online]. Available at: http://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/sgrs/ministarstva/drugiakt/2016/58/1/reg (in Serbian) [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Tirpak, J.A. 1999. With Stealth in the Balkans. Air Force Magazine, 1 October [online]. Available at: https://www.airforcemag.com/article/1099stealth/ [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Tošić, N. 2021. NATO bombardovanje: Užički kraj bio na udaru više puta. Užice media, 24 March [online] Available at: https://uzicemedia.rs/nato-bombardovanje-uzicki-kraj-bio-na-udaru-vise-puta/(in Serbian) [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

-Valka. 2022. USA - GBU-31/B JDAM [online] Available at: https://www.valka.cz/USA-GBU-31-B-JDAM-t31561 [Accessed: 15 March 2022].

Objavljeno
2024/03/05
Rubrika
Originalni naučni radovi