EFEKTI KADMIJUMA NA TRANSPORTNE PROCESE U PROKSIMALNIM TUBULSKIM ĆELIJAMA BUBREGA
Sažetak
Kadmijum (Cd) je ekstremno toksičan metal koji je u prirodi široko rasprostranjen. Zbog svojih povoljnih osobina masovno se upotrebljavao u industriji za izradu alkalnih baterija, akumulatora, pigmenata, bojenih legura. Ipak, pokazano je da izlaganje kadmijumu u malim koncentracijama dovodi do oštećenja brojnih organa i organskih sistema te se upotreba ovog metala u industriji smanjuje, a zamenjuju ga drugi, manje štetni materijali. Danas je važan izvor izloženosti kadmijumu sagorevanje fosilnih goriva i konzumiranje cigareta. Brojne studije ispitivale su štetne efekte kadmijuma i one ističu bubrege, jetru i gonade kao organe koji trpe najveća oštećenja. Bubrezi, kao glavno mesto deponovanja kadmijuma u organizmu, u najvećoj meri izloženi su njegovim toksičnim efektima. U proksimalnim tubulskim ćelijama bubrega izlaganje kadmijumu remeti transportne procese. Iako se smatra da je jonizovani kadmijum (Cd2+) u najvećoj meri odgovoran za oštećenja koja nastaju, ne može se zanemariti ni uloga kompleksa kadmijuma i metalotioneina (Cd-MT). Peritubularno izlaganje jonizovanom kadmijumu dovodi indirektno do smanjenja aktivnosti Na+/L-alanin kotransportera i smanjenja brzine spore repolarizacije luminalne membrane, dok kompleks Cd-MT dovodi i do direktne i do indirektne inhibicije ovog transportera. Takođe, Cd-MT kompleks inhibira aktivnost Na+/glukoza kotransportera. Izlaganje kadmijumu dovodi i do smanjenja preuzimanja niskomolekularnih proteina putem olakšane endocitoze što je praćeno mikroalbuminurijom.
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