EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMONELLOSIS IN THE POPULATION OF BELGRADE FOR THE PERIOD 1994-2013
Abstract
Background/Aim: The registered salmonella cases are estimated to constitute 1-10% of the real frequency
of this disease. The aim of the research was to analyze epidemiological salmonella characteristics in
Belgrade population for the period 1994-2013.
Methods: The data on the number of salmonella cases regarding gender, age and municipalities for the
given period were taken from the City Institute of Public Health in Belgrade and used to calculate crude,
age-specific and standardized incidence rates were used. For estimating the incidence trend joinpoint
regression analysis was used.
Results: In the given 20-year period there were 12,452 salmonellosis cases, and female infected persons
were more present (53.5%) than males (46.5%). In both sexes, the highest average age-specific rates were
found in age group 0-4, and the lowest for people age 70 and older. According to joinpoint regression
analysis there is a significant incidence decline in men from the age group 15-19 and further on, while in
women that decline starts with the age group 10-14. The average standardized salmonellosis incidence
rate (per 100,000) was 61.6 (61.7 for men and 61.4 for women). The most frequent Salmonella serotypes
isolated from human material were S. enteritidis (81.6%), S. typhimurium (7.7%) and S. infantis (2.6%).
Conclusion: The decline in salmonellosis noticed in our study suggests better farming control, better
control of meat production and turnover and application of hygienic and sanitary measures in these
processes as well as the greater presence of the HACCP standard for the health safety of food in Belgrade.
References
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific opinion of the panel on Biological hazards on a request from the European Commission on a quantitative microbiological risk assessment on Salmonella in meat: Source attribution for human salmonellosis from meat. EFSA Journal 2008; 625:1-32.
Vargas-Galindo Á. Probabilistic inversion in priority setting of food borne pathogens. MSc thesis. Delft: Delft University of Technology, Department of Applied Mathematics and Risk Analysis; 2007.
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson MA, Roy SL, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States — major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17(1):7-15.
Havelaar AH, Ivarsson S, Löfdahl M, Nauta MJ. Estimating the true incidence of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis in the European Union, 2009. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141(2):293-302.
Feasey NA, Dougan G, Kingsley RA, Heyderman RS, Gordon MA. Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa. Lancet 2012; 379(9835):2489-99.
Oosterom J. Epidemiological studies and proposed preventive measures in the fight against human salmonellosis. Int J Food Microbiol 1991; 12(1):41-51.
World Health Organization (WHO). Available from:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs139/en/[updated August 2013].
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vital signs: incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 U.S. sites, 1996-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011; 60(22):749-55.
Jackson BR, Griffin PM, Cole D, Walsh KA, Chai SJ. Outbreak-associated Salmonella enterica serotypes and food Commodities, United States, 1998-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19(8):1239-44.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). The European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks in 2012. EFSA J 2014; 12(2):3547.
D' aprés. United Nations World Population Prospects 1990. New York: United Nations; 1991.
Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med 2000; 19(3):335-51.
Obradovic Z, Pasalic A, Zilic A. Epidemiological characteristics of gastrointestinal infectious diseases and viral hepatitis A in the Canton Sarajevo. JHSCI 2011; 1(1):31-
Durham Region Health Department. Infectious Diseases At A Glance. (2013). Available from: http://www.durham.ca/departments/health/health_statistics/infectiousDiseaseAtAGlance.pdf
Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Report on Infectious Diseases in 2006 in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade, 2007.
Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Report on Infectious Diseases in 2008 in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade, 2009.
Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Report on Infectious Diseases in 2010 in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade, 2011.
Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Report on Infectious Diseases in 2011 in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade, 2012.
Institute of Public Health of Serbia, Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Report on Infectious Diseases in 2012 in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Belgrade, 2013.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual Epidemiological Report 2013. Reporting on 2011 surveillance data and 2012 epidemic intelligence data. Stockholm: ECDC, 2013.
Health Protection Agency. Epidemiology of Salmonella infections in London, 2007-2011; 2013.
Ban B, Vodopija R, Petrović MZ, Matica B. Epidemioloske karakteristike salmoneloza u novom Zagrebu od 1990. do 2009. Godine [Epidemiological characteristics of salmonellosis in New Zagreb during the 1990-2009 period]. Acta Med Croatica 2011; 65(1):41-7. Croatian.
Health Protection Surveillance Centre. Annual Reports on Salmonellosis in Ireland, 2012; 2013. Available from:
Centre for Health Protection, Scientific Committee on Enteric Infections and Foodborne Diseases. Review of Nontyphoidal Salmonella Food Poisoning in Hong Kong; 2011. Available from:
http://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/review_of_nontyphoidal_salmonella_food_poisoning_in_hong_kong_r.pdf
Taha RR, Alghalibi SM, Saeedsaleh MG. Salmonella spp. in patients suffering from enteric fever and food poisoning in Thamar city, Yemen. East Mediterr Health J 2013; 19(1):88-93.
Hendriksen RS, Vieira AR, Karlsmose S, Lo Fo Wong DM, Jensen AB, Wegener HC, et al. Global monitoring of Salmonella serovar distribution from the World Health Organization Global Foodborne Infections Network Country Data Bank: results of quality assured laboratories from 2001 to 2007. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8(8):887-900.
Taha RR, Algalibi SM, AL-Ammani YN. Incidence and Distribution of Salmonella Serogroups in Some Local Food in Sana'a – Yemen. All-Nasser University Journal 2013; first issue.
Werber D, Hille K, Frank C, Dehnert M, Altmann D, Müller-Nordhorn J, et al. Years of potential life lost for six major enteric pathogens, Germany, 2004-2008. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141(5):961-8.
Barton Behravesh C, Jones TF, Vugia DJ, Long C, Marcus R, Smith K, et al. Deaths associated with bacterial pathogens transmitted commonly through food: foodborne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet), 1996-2005. J Infect Dis 2011; 204(2):263-7.
Cummings PL, Sorvillo F, Kuo T. Salmonellosis-related mortality in the United States, 1990-2006. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7(11):1393-9.