CANNED MEAT PRODUCTS FOR MEMBERS OF THE SERBIAN ARMED FORCES: Na, K, Ca, AND Mg CONTENT AND HEALTH RISKS/BENEFITS
Abstract
Macroelements such as Na, K, Ca, and Mg play a significant physiological role, and their inadequate intake has been linked to severe diseases such as high blood pressure. Data on risk assessment for human health in Serbia, from the intake of these macroelements through the consumption of canned food, are minimal. Therefore, the content of Na, K, Ca, and Mg in five types of canned meat that members of the Serbian Armed Forces regularly use was examined. Macroelements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in cans of beef goulash, pork ragout, spam, liver pate, and meatballs in tomato sauce, which were stored from one month to six years. The sodium content was significantly higher than the potassium in all types of food, so the Na/K ratio below 1, desirable for good health, was not found in any of the analyzed products. Also, a significant number of samples had an unfavorable Ca/Mg ratio above 1. However, due to the low consumption of canned food by members of the Serbian Armed Forces, its contribution to the average daily intake of macroelements is almost negligible. The concentration of macroelements decreased with the shelf life, while a significant source of Ka and Mg, among analyzed ingredients, was red ground pepper.
References
Ahuja, J.K., Li, Y., Haytowitz, D.B., Bahadur, R., Pehrsson, P.R., & Cogswell, M.E. (2019). Assessing Changes in Sodium Content of Selected Popular Commercially Processed and Restaurant Foods: Results from the USDA: CDC Sentinel Foods Surveillance Program. Nutrients, 11 (8), 1754. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081754
Anishchenko, O.V., Sushchik, N.N., Makhutova, O.N., Kalachova, G.S., Gribovskaya, I.V., Morgun, V.N., & Gladyshev, M.I. (2017). Benefit-risk ratio of canned pacific saury (Cololabis saira) intake: Essential fatty acids vs. heavy metals. Food and chemical toxicology, 101, 8-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.035
Atanasoff, A., Nikolov, G., Staykov, Y., Zhelyazkov, G., & Sirakov, I. (2013). Proximate and mineral analysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo Salar) cultivated in Bulgaria. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 29 (3), 571-579. https://doi.org/10.2298/BAH1303571A
Bates, M., Gunn, J.P., Gillespie, C., & Cogswell, M.E. (2020). The Macronutrient Content of Sodium-Modified Foods Is Unchanged Compared with Regular Counterparts: An Evaluation of Select Categories of Packaged Foods in the United States, 2018. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(7), 1133-1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.02.007
Bilandžić, N., Sedak, M., Čalopek, B., Đokić, M., Varenina, I., Kolanović, B.S., Božić Luburić, Đ., Varga, I., & Hruškar, M. (2021). Dietary exposure of the adult Croatian population to meat, liver and meat products from the Croatian market: Health risk assessment. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 95, 103672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103672
Bogden, J.D., & Klevay, L.M. (Eds.). (2000). Clinical nutrition of the essential trace elements and minerals: the guide for health professionals. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-040-7
Boufleur, L.A., dos Santos, C.E.I., Debastiani, R., Yoneama, M.L., Amaral, L., & Dias, J.F. (2013). Elemental characterization of Brazilian canned tuna fish using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 30 (1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2013.01.002
Djinovic-Stojanovic, J.M., Nikolic, D.M., Vranic, D.V., Babic, J.A., Milijasevic, M.P., Pezo, L.L., & Jankovic, S.D. (2017). Zinc and magnesium in different types of meat and meat products from the Serbian market. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 59, 50-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.009
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). (2015a). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for calcium. EFSA Journal, 13 (5), 4101. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4101
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). (2015b). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for magnesium. EFSA Journal, 13 (7), 4186. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4186
EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck, D., Castenmiller, J., de Henauw, S., Hirsch‐Ernst, K.I., Kearney, J., ... & Naska, A. (2019). Dietary reference values for sodium. EFSA Journal, 17(9), e05778.
https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5778
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2017). Dietary reference values for nutrients summary report (Vol. 14, No. 12, p. e15121E).
https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.e15121
Gillespie, C., Maalouf, J., Yuan, K., Cogswell, M. E., Gunn, J. P., Levings, J., Moshfegh, A., Ahuja, J.C.K., & Merritt, R. (2015). Sodium content in major brands of US packaged foods, 2009. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 101 (2), 344-353. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.078980
Iwahori, T., Miura, K., & Ueshima, H. (2017). Time to consider use of the sodium-to-potassium ratio for practical sodium reduction and potassium increase. Nutrients, 9 (7), 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070700
Karppanen, H., Karppanen, P., & Mervaala, E. (2005). Why and how to implement sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium changes in food items and diets?. Journal of human hypertension, 19(3), S10-S19. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001955
Kogure, M., Nakaya, N., Hirata, T., Tsuchiya, N., Nakamura, T., Narita, A., ... & Hozawa, A. (2021). Sodium/potassium ratio change was associated with blood pressure change: possibility of population approach for sodium/potassium ratio reduction in health checkup. Hypertension Research, 44 (2), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-00536-7
Morrissey, E., Giltinan, M., Kehoe, L., Nugent, A. P., McNulty, B. A., Flynn, A., & Walton, J. (2020). Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Their Ratio in Adults (18–90 y): Findings from the Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey. Nutrients, 12 (4), 938. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040938
Nieto, C., Tolentino-Mayo, L., Medina, C., Monterrubio-Flores, E., Denova-Gutiérrez, E., & Barquera, S. (2018). Sodium Content of Processed Foods Available in the Mexican Market. Nutrients, 10(12), 2008. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10122008
Nikolic, D., Djinovic-Stojanovic, J., Jankovic, S., Stanisic, N., Radovic, C., Pezo, L., & Lausevic, M. (2017). Mineral composition and toxic element levels of muscle, liver and kidney of intensive (Swedish Landrace) and extensive (Mangulica) pigs from Serbia. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 34(6), 962-971. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2017.1310397
Park, Y. M., Choi, J. Y., Nho, E. Y., Lee, C. M., Hwang, I. M., Khan, N., ... & Kim, K. S. (2019). Determination of macro and trace elements in canned marine products by inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and ICP—mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Analytical Letters, 52(6), 1018-1030.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2018.1510938
Rubio, C., Napoleone, G., Luis-González, G., Gutiérrez, A. J., González-Weller, D., Hardisson, A., & Revert, C. (2017). Metals in edible seaweed. Chemosphere, 173, 572-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.064
Singh, M., & Chandorkar, S. (2018). Is sodium and potassium content of commonly consumed processed packaged foods a cause of concern?. Food chemistry, 238, 117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.108
Stojanović, B., Janković, S., Đorđević, V., Marjanović, S., Vasilev, D., Stojanović, Z., Balaban, M., & Antić V. (2021). Determination of toxic elements in meat products from Serbia packaged in tinplate cans. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, 48330–48342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14051-w
Sukumar, D., DeLuccia, R., Cheung, M., Ramadoss, R., Ng, T., & Lamoureux, A. (2019). Validation of a Newly Developed Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Dietary Intakes of Magnesium. Nutrients, 11(11), 2789. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112789
Tomović, V.M., Petrović, L.S., Tomović, M.S., Kevrešan, Ž.S., & Džinić, N.R. (2011). Determination of mineral contents of semimembranosus muscle and liver from pure and crossbred pigs in Vojvodina (northern Serbia). Food Chemistry, 124(1), 342-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.043
Tomović, V.M., Jokanović, M.R., Pihler, I.I., Švarc-Gajić, J.V., Vasiljević, I.M., Škaljac, S.B., ... & Tomašević, I.B. (2017). Ultimate pH, colour characteristics and proximate and mineral composition of edible organs, glands and kidney fat from Saanen goat male kids. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 45(1), 430-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2016.1206905
Vafaei, M., Naseri, M., & Imani, A. (2018). Long-term storage effect on some mineral elements of canned silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) with reference to daily intake changes. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 66, 116-120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.010
World Health Organization. (2012a). Guideline: Potassium intake for adults and children.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241504829
World Health Organization. (2012b). Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and children. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241504836