The MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TYLENCHULUS SEMIPENETRANS FROM CITRUS ORCHARDS IN NORTHERN IRAN:

Salar Jamali

Salar Jamali Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

Keywords: 28S rRNA, citrus, Iran, molecular analysis, phylogeny, Tylenchulus semipenetrans

Abstract

Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, 1913 is among some of the most economically important plant parasitic nematodes in the world. The nematode was identified as the causal agent of slow decline and can cause 10-30% losses reported on citrus trees. Citrus nematode was collected and identified from north of Iran. Morphological observations as well as molecular evidence confirmed this population as T. semipenetrans. A phylogenetic tree of T. semipenetrans populations were reconstructed based on 28S rRNA gene sequences using RAxML. On a basis of molecular analysis Tylenchulus was recovered as a monophyletic group. The phylogenetic position and measurements of T. semipenetrans were provided.

References

FAO. (2016). Citrus Fruit Fresh and Processed Statistical Bulletin. Available online: http://fao.org/3/a-i8092e.pdf (accessed on May 2020).

Abivardi, C. (1970). Occurrence of Paratylenchus hamatus on citrus in Iran and its sensitivity to two nematicides under laboratory condition. Plant Disease Reporter, 54 (12), 1085-1088.

Adam, M.A.M., Phillips, M.S., & Blok, V.C. (2007). Molecular diagnostic key for identification of single juveniles of seven common and economically important species of root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.). Plant Pathology, 56, 190- 197.

Blok, V.C., Wishart, J., Fargette, M., Berthier, K., & Phillips, M.S. (2002). Mitochondrial DNA differences distinguishing Meloidogyne mayaguensis from the major species of tropical root-knot nematodes. Nematology, 4, 773-781.

Cohn, E. (1969). The citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb) as a pest of Citrus in Israel. Proceedings First International Citrus Symposium, 2, 1013-1017.

Crozzoli, R., Lamberti, F., Greco, N., & Rivas, D. (1998). Nematodes fitoparasiticos associados con los citricos en Venezuela. Nematologica Mediterranea, 26, 31-58.

Duncan, L.W. (2005). Nematode parasites of citrus. In M. Luc, R. A. Sikora & J. Bridge (Eds.), Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. (pp. 437-466). Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing.

Duncan, L.W., & Cohn, E. (1990). Nematode parasites of citrus. In M., Luc, R.A. Sikora & J. Bridge (Eds.), Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. (pp. 321-346). Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing.

Espargham, N., Mohammadi, H., & Gramaje, D. (2020). A survey of trunk disease pathogens within Citrus trees in Iran. Plants, 9 (6), 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060754

Goodey, J.B. (1963). Soil and freshwater nematodes. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 389 pp.

Inserra, R.N., Vovlas, N., & Di Vito, M. (1994). Identification of second-stage juveniles of Tylenchulus spp. on the basis of posterior morphology. Nematropica, 24, 25-33.

Inserra, R.N., Esser, R.P., & O’bannon, J.H. (1988a). Identification of Tylenchulus species from Florida. Nematology Circular 153, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, 4 p.

Inserra, R.N., Vovlas, N., O’bannon, J.H., & Esser, R.P. (1988b). Tylenchulus graminis n. sp. and T. palustris n. sp. (Tylenchulidae) from native flora of Florida, with notes
on T. semipenetrans and T. furcus. Journal of Nematology, 20, 266-287.

Izadpanah, K., & Safarian, A. (1968). Possible role of citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, in the citrus decline in southern Iran. Proceedings of the first national
congress of plant medicine of Iran, p. 40-41.

Katcho, Z.A., & Allow, J.M. (1969). Citrus root nematode in Iran. Plant Disease Reporter, 53, 84.

Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J., & Yamada, K.D. (2019). MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 20 (4), 1160-1166. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108

Lin, B., Wang, H., Zhuo, K., & Liao, J. (2016). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of Tylenchulus semipenetrans in soil. Plant Disease, 100, 877- 883.

Liu, G.K., Chen, J., Xiao, S., Zhang, S.S., & Pan, D.M. (2011). Development of species-specific PCR primers and sensitive detection of the Tylenchulus semipenetrans in China.
Agricultural Sciences in China, 10, 252-258.

Minassian, V., & Moadab, H. (1970). The occurrence and distribution of the citrus root nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, in Khuzestan, Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 6 (2), 25-28.

Park, B.Y., Park, S.N., Lee, J,K., & Bae, C.H. (2009). Morphometric and genetic variability among Tylenchulus semipenetrans populations from citrus growing area in Korea. Plant Pathology Journal, 25, 236-240.

Rashidifard, M., Shokoohi, E., Hoseinipour, A., & Jamali, S. (2015). Distribution, morphology, seasonal dynamics, and molecular characterization of Tylenchulus semipenetrans from citrus orchards in southern Iran. Biologia, 70 (6), 771-781.

Sharafeh, M. (1972). A preliminary study on population dynamics of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, in Khafr an important citrus growing region of Fars. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées, 33, 9-14.

Siddiqi, M.R. (1974). Tylenchulus semipenetrans, CIH descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes. CAB International Institute of Parasitology, London. Set. 3, No. 34.

Silvestro, D., & Michalak, I. (2012). raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. Organisms Diversity and Evolution, 12, 335-337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0

Stamatakis, A. (2006). RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics, 22, 2688-2690.

Subbotin S.A., Sturhan D., Chizhov V.N., Vovlas N., & Baldwin J.G. (2006). Phylogenetic analysis of Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 as inferred from D2 and D3 expansion fragments of the 28S rRNA gene sequences. Nematology, 8 (3), 455-474.

Subbotin, S.A., Vovlas, N., Crozzoli, R., Sturhan, D., Lamberti, F., Moens, M., & Baldwin, J.G. (2005). Phylogeny of Criconematina Siddiqi, 1980 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) based on morphology and D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S-rRNA gene sequences with application of a secondary structure model. Nematology, 7 (6), 927-944. DOI: 10.1163/156854105776186307

Tanha Maafi, Z., & Damadzadeh, M. (2008). Incidence and control of the citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, in the north of Iran. Nematology, 10 (1), 113-122. DOI: 10.1163/156854108783360096

Tanha Maafi, Z., & Kheiri, A. (1991). Citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) in Hormozgan province. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 27, 31-42.

Tanha Maafi, Z., Amani, M., Stanley, J.D., Inserra, R.N., Van den Berg, E., & Subbotin, S.A. (2012). Description of Tylenchulus musicola sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae) from banana in Iran with molecular phylogeny and characterization of species of Tylenchulus Cobb, 1913. Nematology, 14 (3), 353-369.

Tennant, P.F., Robinson, D., Fisher, L., Bennett, S.M., Hutton, D., Coates-Beckford, P., & McLaughlin, W. (2009). Disease and pests of Citrus (Citrus spp.). Tree and Forestry Science and Biotechnology, 3, 81-107.

Whitehead. A.G. (1998). Plant nematode control. Wallingford, UK, CAB.

Yan, G., Smiley, R.W., Okubara, P.A., Skantar, A.M., & Reardon, C.L. (2013). Developing a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Pratylenchus neglectus in soil. Plant Disease, 97, 757-764.