RESEARCH ON IMPACT OF EMPLOYER BRAND DIMENSIONS ON COMPETITIVENESS IN HOTEL INDUSTRY
Ključne reči:
brend poslodavca, upravljanje ljudskim resursima, zaposleni, ljudski kapital, konkurentnost, hoteli, Srbija
Sažetak
Ljudski resursi predstavljaju jedan od ključnih resursa za sticanje i održavanje
konkurentske prednosti hotela, pa uvećavanje vrednosti ljudskog kapitala postaje
prioritet za menadžment hotela. Jedan od načina da se vrednost ljudskog kapitala uveća
jeste izgradnja brenda hotela kao potencijalnog poslodavca. Cilj rada je ispitivanje
postojanja povezanosti između brenda poslodavca i konkurentnosti u Srbiji. Dobijeni
istraživački rezultati ukazuju na značaj sledećih pet dimenzija brenda poslodavca:
organizacione kulture, balansa između života i posla, atraktivnosti hotela, korporativne
društvene odgovornosti i mogućnosti obuke, razvoja i usavršavanja zaposlenih.
Sprovođenjem korelacione analize utvrđeno je prisustvo pozitivne, značajne veze
između dimenzija brenda poslodavca, dok rezultati regresione analize podržavaju uticaj
brenda poslodavca na konkurentnost. Značajan uticaj na konkurentnost ima
korporativna društvena odgovornost, kao jedna od dimenzija brenda poslodavca.
Reference
Ahmad, S., & Schroeder, R. (2011). Knowledge management through technology strategy: implications for competitiveness. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 22(1), 6-24. doi: 10.1108/17410381111099789
Aigner, D., & Lloret, A. (2013). Sustainability and competitiveness in Mexico. Management Research Review, 36(12), 1252 – 1271.
Alniacik, E., & Alniacik, U. (2012). Identifying dimensions of attractiveness in employer branding: effects of age, gender, and current employment status. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 1336 – 1343.
Alniacik, E., Alniacik, U., Erat, S., & Akcin, K. (2014). Attracting Talented Employees to the Company: Do We Need Different Employer Branding Strategies in Different Cultures? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 336 – 344.
Alshathry, S., Clarke, M, & Goodman, S. (2017). The role of employer brand equity in employee attraction and retention: a unified framework. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 25(3), 413-431. doi: 10.1108/IJOA-05-2016-1025
Ambler, T., & Barrow, S. (1996). The employer brand. The Journal of Brand Management, 4(3), 185-205.
Anderson, E. (1990). Two firms, one frontier: on assessing joint venture performance. Sloan Management Review, 31(2), 19-30.
Arasanmi, C., & Krishna, A. (2019). Employer branding: perceived organisational support and employee retention – the mediating role of organisational commitment. Industrial and Commercial Training, 51(3), 174-183.
Backhaus K., & Tikoo, S. (2004). Conceptualizing and researching employer branding. Career Development International, 9(5), 501 – 517.
Batarlien, N., Čižiūniene, K., Vaičiūte, K., Šapalaite, I., & Jarašūniene, A. (2017). The Impact of Human Resource Management on the Competitiveness of Transport Companies. Procedia Engineering,187(2017), 110 – 116. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.356
Baumann, C., Hamin, H., Tung, R., & Hoadley, S. (2016). Competitiveness and workforce performance: Asia vis-à-vis the “West”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(10), 2197 – 2217.
Campos-Soria, J.A., García, L.G., & García, M.A.R. (2005). Service quality and competitiveness in the hospitality sector, Toursm Economics, 11(1), 85–102.
Cetindamar, D., & Kilitcioglu, H. (2013). Measuring the competitiveness of a firm for an award system. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 23(1), 7-22. DOI: 10.1108/10595421311296597
Chahal, H., & Bakshi, P. (2015). Examining intellectual capital and competitive advantage relationship Role of innovation and organizational learning. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33(3), 376 – 399.
Chawla, P. (2020). Impact of employer branding on employee engagement in business process outsourcing (BPO) sector in India: mediating effect of person–organization fit. Industrial and Commercial Training, 52(1), 35-49. doi: 10.1108/ICT-06-2019-0063
CIPD (2007). Employer Branding: The Latest Fad or Future of HR? London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Davies, G., Mete, M., & Whelan, S. (2018). When employer brand image aids employee satisfaction and engagement. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 5(1), 64-80. doi: 10.1108/JOEPP-03-2017-0028
Deepa, R., & Baral, R. (2019). Importance-performance analysis as a tool to guide employer branding strategies in the IT-BPM industry. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 6(1), 77-95. doi: 10.1108/JOEPP-04-2018-0024
Delaney, J.T., & Huselid, M.A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 949-969.
Dragicevic,M., Cizmar, S., & Seric, M. (1999). Competitiveness of Croatian hotel sector. Revue de Tourisme - The Tourist Review - Zeitschrift für Fremdenverkehr, 2(1999), 30-40.
Engstrоm, T., Westnes, P., & Westnes, S. F. (2003). Evaluating intellectual capital in the hotel industry. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(3), 287 – 303. DOI: 10.1108/14691930310487761
Gómez-Miranda, E., Pérez-López, C., Argente-Linares, E., & Rodríguez-Ariza, L. (2015). The impact of organizational culture on competitiveness, effectiveness and efficiency in Spanish-Moroccan international joint ventures. Personnel Review, 44(3), 364 – 387.
Holjevac, I. A. (2011). Work productivity in the Croatian hotel industry – fundamentals and concepts for achieving growth and competitiveness. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 5(5), 85-90.
Hoppe, D. (2018). Linking employer branding and internal branding: establishing perceived employer brand image as an antecedent of favourable employee brand attitudes and behaviours. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 27(4,) 452–467. DOI 10.1108/JPBM-12-2016-1374
Ioncica, M., Tala, M., Brindusoiu, C., & Ioncica, D. (2008). The factors of competitiveness in the hospitality industry and the competitive strategy of firms. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 17(2), 213-218.
Kashive, N., Khanna, V.T., & Bharthi, M.N. (2020). Employer branding through crowdsourcing: understanding the sentiments of employees. Journal of Indian Business Research, In press. doi: 10.1108/JIBR-09-2019-0276
Kashyap, V., & Verma, N. (2018). Linking dimensions of employer branding and turnover intentions. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(2), 282-295. doi: 10.1108/IJOA-03-2017-1134
Kim, C. (2000). A Model Development for Measuring Global Competitiveness of the Tourism Industry in the Asia-Pacific Region, Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
Kucherov, D., & Zavyalova, E. (2012). HRD practices and talent management in the companies with the employer brand. European Journal of Training and Development, 36, 86-104. doi: 10.1108/03090591211192647
Lievens, F., & Highhouse, S. (2003). The relation of instrumental and symbolic attributes to a companys attractiveness as an employer. Personnel psychology, 56, 75-102.
Maurya, K.K., & Agarwal, M. (2018). Organisational talent management and perceived employer branding. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(2), 312-330.
Maxwell, R., & Knox, S. (2009). Motivating employees to ‘live the brand’: a comparative case study of employer brand attractiveness within the firm. Journal of Marketing Management, 25(9/10), 893-907.
Navickas, V., & Malakauskaite, A. (2009). The possibilities for the identification and evaluation of tourism sector competitiveness factors. The Economic Conditions of Enterprise Functioning, 1(6), 37-44.
Nunes, S., Estevão, C., & Filipe, M.N. (2018). Determinant factors of competitiveness in the hotel sector: the case of Portugal. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(2), 122-135. doi: 10.1108/CR-07-2016-0043
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Introduction to Psychological Measurement. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ognjanović, J., & Slavković, M. (2019). Impact of employer brand on employees statisfaction in Serbian hotel enterprises, in: Cvijanović, D. et al. (eds.): Tourism in function of development of the Republic of Serbia - Тourism as a generator of Employment, Vrnjačka Banja: University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, 254-271.
Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS priručnik za preživljavanje. Beograd: Mikro knjiga.
Pereira-Moliner, J., Pertusa-Ortega, E., Tarí, J.J., López-Gamero, M., & Molina-Azorín, J. (2016). Organizational design, quality management and competitive advantage in hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(4), 762 – 784.
Phillips, P. (1999). Hotel performance and competitive advantage: a contingency approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 11(7), 359 – 365.
Rampl, L.V. (2014). How to become an employer of choice: transforming employer brand associations into employer first-choice brands. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(13/14), 1486–1504, doi:10.1080/0267257X.2014.934903
Rai, A. (2020). An application of the instrumental-symbolic framework in Maritime industry A study on employer branding among seafarers. Management Research Review, 43(3), 270-292, doi: 10.1108/MRR-04-2019-0181
Reis, G.G., & Braga, B.M. (2016). Employer attractiveness from a generational perspective: Implications for employer branding. R.Adm., São Paulo, 51(1), 103-116.
Rodríguez-Victoria, O.E., Puig, F., & González-Loureiro, M. (2017). Clustering, innovation and hotel competitiveness: evidence from the Colombia destination. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(11), 2785-2806.
Sanchez-Gutierrez, J., Mejia-Trejo, J., Vargas-Barraza, J.A., & Vazquez-Avila, G. (2016). Intellectual capital, impact factor on competitiveness: manufacturing industry SMEs in Mexico. Measuring Business Excellence, 20(1), 1 – 11. Doi: 10.1108/MBE-12-2015-0059
Santiago, J. (2019). The relationship between brand attractiveness and the intent to apply for a job A millennials’ perspective. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 28(2), 142-157. Doi: 10.1108/EJMBE-12-2018-0136
Santos, F. (2000). Integration of human resource management and competitive priorities of manufacturing strategy. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(5), 610 – 628.
Schlager, T., Bodderas, M., Maas, P., & Cachelin, J.L. (2011). The influence of the employer brand on employee attitudes relevant for service branding: an empirical investigation. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(7), 497 – 508.
Sharma, R., & Prasad, A. (2018). Employer brand and its unexplored impact on intent to join. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(3), 536-566. Doi: 10.1108/IJOA-11-2017-1280
Sigalas, C., Economou, V.P., & Georgopoulos, N. (2013). Developing a measure of competitive advantage. Journal of Strategy and Management, 6(4), 320-342. Doi: 10.1108/JSMA-03-2013-0015
Slavković, M., & Ognjanović, J. (2017). Тhe influence of human capital on the copmetitiveness of hotels in Serbia. In: Štetić, S. et al. (Eds.), Modern management tools and economy of tourism sector in present era: Second internationall thematic monograph (115-128). Beograd: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans in cooperation with Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, Macedonia.
Tanwar, K., & Prasad, A. (2016). The effect of employer brand dimensions on job satisfaction: gender as a moderator. Management Decision, 54(4), 854 – 886.
Tuclea, C.E., & Padurean, A.M. (2008). Competitiveness in hospitality industry: Romanian style. Journal Management & Marketing, 6(1), 105-114.
Van Hoye, G., Bas, T., Cromheecke, S., & Lievens, F. (2013). The instrumental and symbolic dimensions of organizations’ image as an employer: A large-scale field study on employer branding in Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 62, 543-557.
Vij, M. (2016). The cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability of the hospitality industry in India. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 8(4), 432-443.
Wang, F., Huang, W., & Shang, J. (2006). Measuring the cost-efficiency of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. Tourism Economics, 12(1), 65-85.
Wong, K., & Kwan, C. (2001). An analysis of the competitive strategies of hotels and travel agents in Hong Kong and Singapore. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(6), 293 – 303.
Xiaa, H., Vuc, H.Q., Lawd, R., & Li, G. (2020). Evaluation of hotel brand competitiveness based on hotel features ratings. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86(2020), doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102366
Xie, C., Bagozzi, R., & Meland, K. (2015). The impact of reputation and identity congruence on employer brand attractiveness. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(2), 124 – 146.
Zhu, F., Wang, Z., Yu, Q., Hu, T., Wen, Y., & Liu, Y. (2014). Reconsidering the dimensionality and measurement of employer brand in the chinese context. Social behavior and personality, 42(6), 933-948.
Aigner, D., & Lloret, A. (2013). Sustainability and competitiveness in Mexico. Management Research Review, 36(12), 1252 – 1271.
Alniacik, E., & Alniacik, U. (2012). Identifying dimensions of attractiveness in employer branding: effects of age, gender, and current employment status. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 1336 – 1343.
Alniacik, E., Alniacik, U., Erat, S., & Akcin, K. (2014). Attracting Talented Employees to the Company: Do We Need Different Employer Branding Strategies in Different Cultures? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 336 – 344.
Alshathry, S., Clarke, M, & Goodman, S. (2017). The role of employer brand equity in employee attraction and retention: a unified framework. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 25(3), 413-431. doi: 10.1108/IJOA-05-2016-1025
Ambler, T., & Barrow, S. (1996). The employer brand. The Journal of Brand Management, 4(3), 185-205.
Anderson, E. (1990). Two firms, one frontier: on assessing joint venture performance. Sloan Management Review, 31(2), 19-30.
Arasanmi, C., & Krishna, A. (2019). Employer branding: perceived organisational support and employee retention – the mediating role of organisational commitment. Industrial and Commercial Training, 51(3), 174-183.
Backhaus K., & Tikoo, S. (2004). Conceptualizing and researching employer branding. Career Development International, 9(5), 501 – 517.
Batarlien, N., Čižiūniene, K., Vaičiūte, K., Šapalaite, I., & Jarašūniene, A. (2017). The Impact of Human Resource Management on the Competitiveness of Transport Companies. Procedia Engineering,187(2017), 110 – 116. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.356
Baumann, C., Hamin, H., Tung, R., & Hoadley, S. (2016). Competitiveness and workforce performance: Asia vis-à-vis the “West”. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(10), 2197 – 2217.
Campos-Soria, J.A., García, L.G., & García, M.A.R. (2005). Service quality and competitiveness in the hospitality sector, Toursm Economics, 11(1), 85–102.
Cetindamar, D., & Kilitcioglu, H. (2013). Measuring the competitiveness of a firm for an award system. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 23(1), 7-22. DOI: 10.1108/10595421311296597
Chahal, H., & Bakshi, P. (2015). Examining intellectual capital and competitive advantage relationship Role of innovation and organizational learning. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33(3), 376 – 399.
Chawla, P. (2020). Impact of employer branding on employee engagement in business process outsourcing (BPO) sector in India: mediating effect of person–organization fit. Industrial and Commercial Training, 52(1), 35-49. doi: 10.1108/ICT-06-2019-0063
CIPD (2007). Employer Branding: The Latest Fad or Future of HR? London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.
Davies, G., Mete, M., & Whelan, S. (2018). When employer brand image aids employee satisfaction and engagement. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 5(1), 64-80. doi: 10.1108/JOEPP-03-2017-0028
Deepa, R., & Baral, R. (2019). Importance-performance analysis as a tool to guide employer branding strategies in the IT-BPM industry. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 6(1), 77-95. doi: 10.1108/JOEPP-04-2018-0024
Delaney, J.T., & Huselid, M.A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 949-969.
Dragicevic,M., Cizmar, S., & Seric, M. (1999). Competitiveness of Croatian hotel sector. Revue de Tourisme - The Tourist Review - Zeitschrift für Fremdenverkehr, 2(1999), 30-40.
Engstrоm, T., Westnes, P., & Westnes, S. F. (2003). Evaluating intellectual capital in the hotel industry. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(3), 287 – 303. DOI: 10.1108/14691930310487761
Gómez-Miranda, E., Pérez-López, C., Argente-Linares, E., & Rodríguez-Ariza, L. (2015). The impact of organizational culture on competitiveness, effectiveness and efficiency in Spanish-Moroccan international joint ventures. Personnel Review, 44(3), 364 – 387.
Holjevac, I. A. (2011). Work productivity in the Croatian hotel industry – fundamentals and concepts for achieving growth and competitiveness. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 5(5), 85-90.
Hoppe, D. (2018). Linking employer branding and internal branding: establishing perceived employer brand image as an antecedent of favourable employee brand attitudes and behaviours. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 27(4,) 452–467. DOI 10.1108/JPBM-12-2016-1374
Ioncica, M., Tala, M., Brindusoiu, C., & Ioncica, D. (2008). The factors of competitiveness in the hospitality industry and the competitive strategy of firms. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 17(2), 213-218.
Kashive, N., Khanna, V.T., & Bharthi, M.N. (2020). Employer branding through crowdsourcing: understanding the sentiments of employees. Journal of Indian Business Research, In press. doi: 10.1108/JIBR-09-2019-0276
Kashyap, V., & Verma, N. (2018). Linking dimensions of employer branding and turnover intentions. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(2), 282-295. doi: 10.1108/IJOA-03-2017-1134
Kim, C. (2000). A Model Development for Measuring Global Competitiveness of the Tourism Industry in the Asia-Pacific Region, Seoul: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy.
Kucherov, D., & Zavyalova, E. (2012). HRD practices and talent management in the companies with the employer brand. European Journal of Training and Development, 36, 86-104. doi: 10.1108/03090591211192647
Lievens, F., & Highhouse, S. (2003). The relation of instrumental and symbolic attributes to a companys attractiveness as an employer. Personnel psychology, 56, 75-102.
Maurya, K.K., & Agarwal, M. (2018). Organisational talent management and perceived employer branding. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(2), 312-330.
Maxwell, R., & Knox, S. (2009). Motivating employees to ‘live the brand’: a comparative case study of employer brand attractiveness within the firm. Journal of Marketing Management, 25(9/10), 893-907.
Navickas, V., & Malakauskaite, A. (2009). The possibilities for the identification and evaluation of tourism sector competitiveness factors. The Economic Conditions of Enterprise Functioning, 1(6), 37-44.
Nunes, S., Estevão, C., & Filipe, M.N. (2018). Determinant factors of competitiveness in the hotel sector: the case of Portugal. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 28(2), 122-135. doi: 10.1108/CR-07-2016-0043
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Introduction to Psychological Measurement. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ognjanović, J., & Slavković, M. (2019). Impact of employer brand on employees statisfaction in Serbian hotel enterprises, in: Cvijanović, D. et al. (eds.): Tourism in function of development of the Republic of Serbia - Тourism as a generator of Employment, Vrnjačka Banja: University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, 254-271.
Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS priručnik za preživljavanje. Beograd: Mikro knjiga.
Pereira-Moliner, J., Pertusa-Ortega, E., Tarí, J.J., López-Gamero, M., & Molina-Azorín, J. (2016). Organizational design, quality management and competitive advantage in hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(4), 762 – 784.
Phillips, P. (1999). Hotel performance and competitive advantage: a contingency approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 11(7), 359 – 365.
Rampl, L.V. (2014). How to become an employer of choice: transforming employer brand associations into employer first-choice brands. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(13/14), 1486–1504, doi:10.1080/0267257X.2014.934903
Rai, A. (2020). An application of the instrumental-symbolic framework in Maritime industry A study on employer branding among seafarers. Management Research Review, 43(3), 270-292, doi: 10.1108/MRR-04-2019-0181
Reis, G.G., & Braga, B.M. (2016). Employer attractiveness from a generational perspective: Implications for employer branding. R.Adm., São Paulo, 51(1), 103-116.
Rodríguez-Victoria, O.E., Puig, F., & González-Loureiro, M. (2017). Clustering, innovation and hotel competitiveness: evidence from the Colombia destination. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(11), 2785-2806.
Sanchez-Gutierrez, J., Mejia-Trejo, J., Vargas-Barraza, J.A., & Vazquez-Avila, G. (2016). Intellectual capital, impact factor on competitiveness: manufacturing industry SMEs in Mexico. Measuring Business Excellence, 20(1), 1 – 11. Doi: 10.1108/MBE-12-2015-0059
Santiago, J. (2019). The relationship between brand attractiveness and the intent to apply for a job A millennials’ perspective. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 28(2), 142-157. Doi: 10.1108/EJMBE-12-2018-0136
Santos, F. (2000). Integration of human resource management and competitive priorities of manufacturing strategy. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(5), 610 – 628.
Schlager, T., Bodderas, M., Maas, P., & Cachelin, J.L. (2011). The influence of the employer brand on employee attitudes relevant for service branding: an empirical investigation. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(7), 497 – 508.
Sharma, R., & Prasad, A. (2018). Employer brand and its unexplored impact on intent to join. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(3), 536-566. Doi: 10.1108/IJOA-11-2017-1280
Sigalas, C., Economou, V.P., & Georgopoulos, N. (2013). Developing a measure of competitive advantage. Journal of Strategy and Management, 6(4), 320-342. Doi: 10.1108/JSMA-03-2013-0015
Slavković, M., & Ognjanović, J. (2017). Тhe influence of human capital on the copmetitiveness of hotels in Serbia. In: Štetić, S. et al. (Eds.), Modern management tools and economy of tourism sector in present era: Second internationall thematic monograph (115-128). Beograd: Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans in cooperation with Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, Macedonia.
Tanwar, K., & Prasad, A. (2016). The effect of employer brand dimensions on job satisfaction: gender as a moderator. Management Decision, 54(4), 854 – 886.
Tuclea, C.E., & Padurean, A.M. (2008). Competitiveness in hospitality industry: Romanian style. Journal Management & Marketing, 6(1), 105-114.
Van Hoye, G., Bas, T., Cromheecke, S., & Lievens, F. (2013). The instrumental and symbolic dimensions of organizations’ image as an employer: A large-scale field study on employer branding in Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 62, 543-557.
Vij, M. (2016). The cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability of the hospitality industry in India. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 8(4), 432-443.
Wang, F., Huang, W., & Shang, J. (2006). Measuring the cost-efficiency of international tourist hotels in Taiwan. Tourism Economics, 12(1), 65-85.
Wong, K., & Kwan, C. (2001). An analysis of the competitive strategies of hotels and travel agents in Hong Kong and Singapore. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(6), 293 – 303.
Xiaa, H., Vuc, H.Q., Lawd, R., & Li, G. (2020). Evaluation of hotel brand competitiveness based on hotel features ratings. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86(2020), doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102366
Xie, C., Bagozzi, R., & Meland, K. (2015). The impact of reputation and identity congruence on employer brand attractiveness. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(2), 124 – 146.
Zhu, F., Wang, Z., Yu, Q., Hu, T., Wen, Y., & Liu, Y. (2014). Reconsidering the dimensionality and measurement of employer brand in the chinese context. Social behavior and personality, 42(6), 933-948.
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